Latin Language and Roman History in Hispania
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Latin Colloquium
Dialogue: Family and Profession
- Is this your father in the village?
- No, my father is absent.
- Where is your father?
- He is a merchant and must navigate a large ship to Greece.
- My father is brave and not afraid of the sea. My father is also brave, but never sails; he always travels by foot or carriage.
- Why not visit your father?
- My father is a doctor in the city, not a merchant, and the city is not possible to navigate.
Vocabulary and Etymology
- Numquam: Never
- Absentem: Absent
- Antiquum: Very ancient / Old
- Pedem: Foot / Pedal
- Aqua: Water / Aquarium
- Quattuor: Four
- Capitalem: Capital / Flow
- Corpus: Corps / Corporal
- Rationem: Reason
- Latus: Lateral / Side
La Vía de la Plata
The route from Asturica Augusta (Astorga) to Emerita Augusta (Mérida) spans 450 km. It served as a transit for mining products, with a mansio (shelter for people and animals) every 35 km. The name originates from Arabic.
Emerita Augusta
Location: Mérida, on the right bank of the Guadiana River.
Origin: Founded in 25 BC; its first inhabitants were discharged soldiers (emeriti).
Sights: Theater, amphitheater, circus, aqueduct, temple, Roman bridge, two forums, and the dams of Proserpina and Cornalvo.
Ancient Iberia
- Legendary Land: The Strait of Gibraltar was known as the Pillars of Hercules.
- Names: Finis Terrae, Hesperia, Iberia, Hispania.
Settlers
- Phoenicians (10th–9th century BC): Traders who established factories in the southern part of the peninsula (Gades).
- Carthaginians (6th century BC): Established Carthage (Cartagena) in 226 BC to compensate for the loss of Sicily and pay the Roman Republic. The Ebro Treaty limited Carthaginian expansion, but Hannibal’s capture of Sagunto caused a casus belli.
- Romans (Tarraco, 218 BC): Following the Second Punic War, Romans landed in Emporion, moved to the Ebro, and founded Tarraco. Publius Cornelius Scipio began the Roman victory, taking Carthago Nova and Gades (206 BC), marking the end of the Carthaginian presence.
Latin Grammar Tables
Omnis, -e
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| N/V | omnis, omne | omnes, omnia |
| Ac | omnem, omne | omnes, omnia |
| G | omnis | omnium |
| Ab | omni | omnibus |
Felix
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| N/V | felix | felices, felicia |
| Ac | felicem, felix | felices, felicia |
| G | felicis | felicium |
| Ab | felici | felicibus |
Conquest and Romanization
Administrative Divisions: Nearer Spain (Tarraco) and Further Spain (Cordoba).
Resistance: Lusitania (Viriato, guerrilla tactics) and Celtiberia (Numancia, 133 BC). The conquest was completed in 19 BC after the Cantabrian Wars.
Importance of Cities
Cities were established to manage veterans and encourage trade. Over time, indigenous languages disappeared in favor of Latin.