Key C++ Programming Principles and Comparisons

1) What is C++? Advantages of C++

C++ is an object-oriented programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup. It is an extension of the C language.

Advantages:

• Supports Object-Oriented Programming.
• Code reuse using inheritance.
• Fast execution.
• Data security through encapsulation.
• Portable language.
• Supports function and operator overloading.

2) Difference Between Procedural and Object-Oriented Programming

3) Six Advantages of OOP

1. Data hiding provides security.
2. Code reusability using inheritance.
3. Easy program maintenance.
4. Reduces program complexity.
5. Easy debugging.
6. Real-world modeling possible.

4) Explain Classes and Objects

Class: A class is a collection of data members and member functions.

class Student {
    int roll;
    void display();
};

Object: An object is an instance of a class.

Student s1;

5) Resemblance Between Arrays and Pointers

1. Both store memory addresses.
2. Array name acts like a pointer.
3. Pointer arithmetic can be used with arrays.
4. Both access elements using indexing.

6) Why References Are Used

References are used to:

• Pass arguments by reference.
• Avoid copying data.
• Modify the original variable.
• Improve performance.

7) Difference Between Class and Structure

8) Runtime and Compile-Time Polymorphism

Compile-Time Polymorphism

Achieved during compilation. Examples:

• Function overloading
• Operator overloading

Runtime Polymorphism

Achieved during execution. Example:

• Virtual function overriding.

9) Operator Function and Syntax

An operator function is used to overload operators.

Syntax:

return_type operator op(arguments) {
    // body
}

Example: int operator+(int a);

10) Operator Function: Member vs. Friend