Key Historical Movements: Imperialism, Modernism, and Marxism

Imperialism and Colonialism

Imperialism: Colonialism is the policy or practice of extending a state's rule over other weaker territories. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the main colonizers were the USA and European powers. As population increased, so did unemployment and surpluses. Colonies provided cheaper raw materials and new resources of energy. Imperial powers imposed their culture and language on native populations. These imperial powers were the origins of World War I, and the world economy became imbalanced.

Modernism in Architecture

Modernism: This was an artistic response to industrial objects and industrial architecture, which modernists found unattractive. Modernist architects designed all elements of their buildings, including interior decoration. They were inspired by natural forms, curved lines, and motifs that included flowers and leaves. A notable example in Spain is Gaudí.

Impressionism and Art History

Impressionism: (Painting & Sculpture) This marked the beginning of modern art. Artists tried to create an "impression" in the minds of those who saw their work. Impressionist painters were interested in depicting light and the ways in which it illuminated different objects; they usually worked outside and featured landscapes or everyday life. It was followed by Post-Impressionism, where artists experimented more freely to create their own personal styles (e.g., Van Gogh).

Marxism and Political Theory

Marxism: A left-wing ideology originating in the 19th century. This political and economic theory of socialism was developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Class Struggle

The oppressed proletariat would organize itself and fight its capitalist oppressors.

The Dictatorship of the Proletariat

The proletariat would seize political power. Once in power, the dictatorship would control the economy and redistribute wealth equally.

Communism

In a communist society, all members are equal.

Liberalism

Liberalism: A political, social, and philosophical movement advocating for the freedom of the individual and a parliamentary system of government. It guarantees rights and civil liberties, including:

• National Sovereignty
• Constitutional monarchy as the form of government
• Limited suffrage restricted to male property owners