Key Historical Events: French Revolution, US Independence, Industrial Revolution, and Spain's Liberty

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The French Revolution

In 1789, ongoing expenses had left French finances in an untenable situation. This forced Louis XVI to summon the Assembly of Notables to inform them that they also had to pay taxes to stabilize the state's economy. They had to convene a general rule for most members of the Third Estate. On June 20, 1789, they went to a nearby enclosure for the ball game, where they proclaimed a general meeting and commented on the French Revolution.

US Independence

A century after the discovery of America, starting in 1607, English colonists settled on the eastern shore of the New Continent. In the 17th century, thirteen colonies were established in the area, supplying abundant raw materials to the metropolis. British King Jorge III practiced a policy of abuse due to expenses for wars he had with France and raised taxes (taxes on press and tea). The settlers did not accept these new taxes and had no right of representation in the Parliament of England. This worsened after the Boston Tea Party in the port of Boston, where an insurgent group assaulted three banks and launched their cargo into the sea. The population was cruelly repressed, and the state of exception was enacted.

Under the Old Regime

Manual work almost exclusively used human strength. There were few artisan workshops, scarce energy, slow jobs, slow elaboration of the product, and a high cost of product development.

The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution saw the progressive use of machines and a constant search for technological innovations. A larger number of workers were concentrated in growing factories with various sources of energy, such as coal and water vapor. This led to considerable growth in production in less time and cheaper production costs.

The Struggle for Liberty in Spain

The Court of Cadiz and the Constitution of 1812, the War of Independence, and the arrival of Ferdinand VII. The war ended on April 11, 1814. Napoleon tricked Charles IV and kidnapped him along with his son Fernando in southern France. He named his brother Jose King, and the people of Madrid rose up against Napoleon on May 2, 1808. Thus began a war called the War of Independence, which ended in 1814 with the return of Ferdinand VII. During the war, the Cadiz courts met and created the first Spanish constitution, popularly known as "La Pepa" because it was enacted on the day of San Jose. In this constitution, the king lost his absolute power and was subject to the will of the citizens of the nation, who would elect their representatives by voting in the courts. However, the return of Ferdinand VII assumed new absolutism.

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