Key Figures and Political Movements of 19th and 20th Century Spain

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Key Theorists and Political Figures

  • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Primary theorists of Marxism.
  • Mikhail Bakunin: The most influential figure in anarchist thought.

The Restoration and Political Systems

  • Sagasta: Presided over the government three times during the Democratic Sexennium.
  • Cánovas: Architect of the Canovista system, which established a bipartisan political framework, pacified the country, and ended the war in Cuba and the Carlist conflict.

Catalan Political Figures

  • Conservative Catalans: Manuel Duran i Bas, Josep Ferrer i Vidal, Manuel Girona, and Joan Mañé i Flaquer.
  • Liberal Catalans: Víctor Balaguer, Francesc de Paula Rius i Taulet.
  • Enric Prat de la Riba: Articulated his political doctrine in La nacionalitat catalana (1906).

Republican Movements

  • Emilio Castelar: Former Republican leader who shifted toward moderate positions and founded the Possibilist Republican Party.
  • Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla: Led a radical republican turn, not dismissing violent action against the monarchy.
  • Francesc Layret: Founded the Republican School Association and the Ateneu Enciclopèdic Popular; elected councilor in 1905 and Member of Parliament for Sabadell in 1919.

Colonial Conflict and Cuba

  • José Martí: Founder of the Cuban Revolutionary Party.
  • William McKinley: Protested the situation in Cuba and threatened to close the U.S. market to Cuban products if the Spanish government did not amend its tariff policy.
  • Valeriano Weyler: General who implemented a doctrine to combat guerrillas in Cuba.
  • Ramón Blanco: Replaced Cánovas and decreed the independence of Cuba.

Early 20th Century and Social Reform

  • Joaquín Costa: Promoter of the Regenerationist movement.
  • Francisco Silvela: Tasked by Maria Cristina to form a government and launch political reforms.
  • Alfonso XIII: Ascended to the throne at age 16 in 1902.
  • José Canalejas: Led the Liberal Party following Sagasta's death; assassinated by an anarchist in 1912.
  • Francisco Largo Caballero: Became Secretary General of the UGT in 1918.
  • Francisco Ferrer i Guàrdia: Anarchist educator and founder of the Escola Moderna; executed following the crackdown on the Tragic Week in Barcelona.
  • Eduardo Dato: Prime Minister during the outbreak of World War I.

Colonialism and Dictatorship

  • Abd el-Krim: Rif leader who successfully challenged colonial armies.
  • Primo de Rivera: Staged a coup d'état in 1923 during the reign of Alfonso XIII, following the Annual disaster (Picasso case).