Key Concepts in Linguistics: A Comprehensive Glossary
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Key Concepts in Linguistics
General Terms
- Adjectives: Words used typically with nouns to provide more information about the things referred to.
- Adverbs: Words used typically with verbs to provide more information about actions, states, and events.
- Antonym: A word opposite in meaning to another.
- Articles: Words used with nouns to form noun phrases, classifying those "things".
- Conjunctions: Words used to make connections and indicate relationships between events.
- Homophony: Having the same sound (different writing).
- Metonymy: The use of the name of one object or concept for that of another to which it is related.
- Prepositions: Words used with nouns in phrases, providing information about time, place, and other connections involving actions and things.
- Pronouns: Words used in place of noun phrases.
Morphology
- Bound Morpheme: These forms cannot stand alone without being attached to another form; usually known as affixes.
- Free Morpheme: A morpheme that can stand by itself as a single word.
- Functional Morphemes: Consist of the functional words in the language, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and nouns.
- Lexical Morphemes: A set of ordinary nouns, adjectives, and verbs.
- Morpheme: A minimal unit that can express a meaning, represented by a single sound.
- Morphology: The study of the forms of words and the ways in which words are related to other words of the same language.
- Types of Affixes: Prefixes and suffixes.
Phonology
- Phoneme: A small set of sounds. If you use one in place of the other in a sound sequence, the meaning of the word changes.
- Phonology: The study of the abstract aspect of sound in language.
Pragmatics
- Aspect of Language: Deixis: Refers to the contextual meaning.
- Aspect of Language: Implicature: Referring to an indirect or implicit meaning of an utterance derived from context.
- Aspect of Language: Performative: Implying that a speaker not only says something.
- Aspect of Language: Presupposition: Referring to the logical meaning of a sentence.
- Aspects of Languages Studied in Pragmatics: Deixis, presupposition, performative, and implicature.
- Pragmatics: Studies how people comprehend and produce a communicative act or speech act in a concrete speech situation, which is usually a conversation.
Semantics and Syntax
- Deep Structure: An abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements determining a structural interpretation are represented.
- Semantics: The study of meaning (classifying and examining changes).
- Surface Structure: The different syntactic forms a sentence has as an individual English sentence.
- Synonymy: Equivalence in meaning.
- Syntax: Studies combinations of words, including word structure and sentence structure.