Key Atmospheric Pollutants and Critical Climate Tipping Points

Primary Atmospheric Pollutants

NO2 (Nitrogen Dioxide)

An invisible, irritating gas produced by vehicle combustion and maritime transport.

PM10 (Particulate Matter)

Small particles capable of penetrating the respiratory system. These are present during low temperatures and calm winds, originating from vehicle brakes and Saharan dust.

O3 (Ozone)

Concentrations increase during intense heat waves due to photochemical reactions between nitrogen and organic compounds.

SO2 (Sulphur Dioxide)

A colourless gas with a burnt odour. It reacts with oxygen and water (SO2 + O2 + H2O) to form acid rain, primarily caused by thermal power plants and industrial activities.

CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)

A colourless, odourless, and tasteless gas. While not directly harmful to human health, it is a significant greenhouse gas emitted by engine combustion and heating systems.

Climate Tipping Points

These are critical ecosystems currently affected by climate change that are nearing irreversible collapse. Protecting them is essential for global biodiversity.

Amazon Rainforest

Suffering from deforestation and droughts, leading to reduced CO2 absorption and increased species extinction.

Arctic Ice

Melting due to rising temperatures, causing sea-level rise and habitat loss.

Atlantic Circulation

The slowing of Atlantic water circulation reduces heat storage, causing air temperatures to rise more rapidly.

Boreal Forest

Destruction via deforestation and wildfires results in lower CO2 absorption and threats to endangered species.

Coral Reefs

Dying due to ocean acidification, which disrupts the foundation of marine food webs.

Greenland Ice Sheet

Melting due to high temperatures, contributing to sea-level rise and habitat destruction.

Permafrost

Thawing due to rising temperatures, which releases trapped greenhouse gases such as CO2 and methane.

West Antarctic Ice Sheet

Melting due to high temperatures, leading to sea-level rise and loss of critical habitats.