Intrauterine Devices and Chemical Contraceptives Explained

Intrauterine Device (IUD)

The IUD is a small, flexible T-shaped or spiral device made of plastic or copper alloys. It is inserted into the uterus to prevent the implantation of a fertilized egg.

Usage

The device must be inserted by a physician, preferably during the menstrual period.

Advantages

• Highly effective.
• Can be used for up to 8 years with regular check-ups.
• Low cost.
• Does not affect breastfeeding; suitable for postpartum use.
• Reversible: can be extracted when desired.
• Easy to use.
• Does not interfere with intercourse.

Disadvantages

• Requires physician selection and insertion.
• Menstrual bleeding may become heavier.
• Increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
• Risk of uterine perforation.
• Risk of pelvic infections.
• Potential for expulsion.
• Risk of ectopic pregnancy.
• Requires replacement every 3 to 5 years depending on the model.

Contraindications

• Pregnancy.
• Undiagnosed vaginal bleeding.
• Cervical malignancy (cancer).
• Pelvic infection or sexually transmitted infections.
• Endometritis.
• History of multiple sexual partners.
• Blood disorders.

Indications for Removal

• Pelvic pain or cramping.
• Excessive menstrual bleeding.
• Displacement of the IUD within the uterine cavity.
• Pregnancy.
• Menopause.

Chemical Contraceptive Methods

Chemical methods act as a barrier at the microscopic level, creating chemical reactions in areas of intimate contact, such as the vagina or the interior of the uterus.

Local Action

These methods are used to prevent conception by acting as spermicides.

Advantages

• Easy to apply.
• Does not require medical supervision.
• Low cost.

Disadvantages

• Interrupts sexual spontaneity.
• Requires preparation before intercourse and a waiting period to become effective.
• Excessive lubrication may be unpleasant and decrease sexual sensation.
• Favors vaginal infections.
• Prolonged use is not advisable.
• Requires waiting about 6 minutes before douching after intercourse.
• Potential for psychological rejection.
• Risk of pregnancy due to insufficient dosage.
• Recommended for use in combination with mechanical methods.
• Effectiveness: 50-70%.

General Action

These methods are composed of synthetic hormones. The most common chemical contraceptive of this type is the birth control pill.