The House of Bernarda Alba: Historical Context and Lorca's Dramatic Evolution

Federico García Lorca: The House of Bernarda Alba

1. Historical and Social Context

The play was published in June 1936, just before the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936, which led to the death of Lorca in August of that same year. Following the crisis under Primo de Rivera and the subsequent abdication of the King, the Second Republic was established on April 14, 1931, supported by the middle class and the proletariat.

The initial two years were characterized by reform and a peaceful atmosphere, but tensions soon rose among the lower classes due to a lack of privileges. The masses overwhelmed the government, leading to the formation of the Popular Front. Simultaneously, the military grew dissatisfied, and right-wing movements emerged, including the rise of the Falange fascist ideology. These clashing extremes ultimately triggered the Civil War in 1936.

During this period, women faced severe social oppression and lacked basic rights, particularly in underdeveloped regions such as Andalusia.

2. Theatrical Works

Stage 1: The 1920s

This was a period of experimentation. Lorca's first theatrical work was The Butterfly's Evil Spell, an allegorical play representing love and frustration. It was difficult for audiences to understand, resulting in a lack of popularity. He subsequently moved away from this style to focus on popular puppet theater, such as The Puppet Club. His third play, Mariana Pineda, clearly reflected his political intentions.

Stage 2: The Early 1930s

This era marked a personal life crisis and a shift in his poetic vision, influenced by his interactions with Buñuel and Dalí, as well as his time in New York. He produced fully allegorical dramas that were not commercially successful. These works were deeply autobiographical:

• The Public: Explores the torment faced by homosexuals.
• When Five Years Pass: Discusses the desire for parenthood.

Stage 3: Maturity and Success

In this final stage, Lorca discovered his true theatrical path, rejecting external advice and suggestions. He achieved universal success by masterfully blending aesthetic rigor with popular themes. A notable title from this period is Blood Wedding.