Global Society, Economy, and Historical Transformations
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Society, Economy, and Culture in the Modern World
The Global Village
Coined in the 1970s, this term describes a society shaped by mass media, such as television and satellite communications. The advent of new technologies, especially the Internet, has significantly intensified this phenomenon.
Globalization
From an economic perspective, globalization is the process by which companies, markets, and economic activities expand beyond national borders to reach global dimensions. Immediate consequences include:
- Increased international trade
- Development of transportation networks
- Expansion of communication infrastructure
- Growth in travel and migration
Relocation
A phenomenon linked to globalization, involving the transfer of production from developed countries to developing nations.
Acculturation
The adoption of foreign cultural elements by a group, often leading to the disappearance of original customs.
The Third Industrial Revolution
Following World War II, a major technological impetus occurred, commonly referred to as the Third Industrial Revolution.
Sustainable Development
The practice of balancing economic growth with environmental preservation.
Historical Perspectives: Spain and Governance
Arbitristas
Thinkers who emerged in 17th-century Spain, proposing various policies and methods to solve the nation's economic problems.
The Audiencia of Asturias
Following the War of Succession (1702–1713), the legal complexity of Asturias was resolved. In 1719, the Audiencia de Asturias was established, causing municipalities to lose their autonomy despite their support for King Philip V.
Illustrated Asturians
Key figures who contributed to the central government include:
- José Campillo y Cossío (1693–1743): Published treatises on economics and public administration.
- Feijoo (1676–1764): Renowned for his criticism of traditional cultural prejudices.
- Campomanes (1723–1802): A minister under Charles III who led projects in economy, culture, and education.
- Jovellanos (1744–1811): A minister under Charles IV known for his reformist ideology and faith in progress.
Universal Suffrage
During the Democratic Sexennium (1868–1874), the popular classes participated in mass elections for the first time for the Constituent Cortes of 1869, marking the introduction of universal suffrage.