Global Music History: Genres, Pop, and Folklore

70s Music Trends: Pop and Rock

Heavy Metal (Heavy Rock)

Heavy Metal, or Heavy Rock, is characterized by screaming melodies, a strong and marked pulsation rate, and highlights the sound of electric guitars.

Key Artists

• Deep Purple
• AC/DC
• Iron Maiden
• Led Zeppelin

Punk Rock

Punk's aesthetic is defined by **provocation** and the protest slogan: "No Future."

• Characteristics: Fast pace, cries, and melodies that challenge the existing class structure.
• Key Artists: The Sex Pistols, Ramoncín.

Glam Rock

Glam Rock marked a return to strong melody and musical quality, often relying on good advertising and promotion. It placed a strong emphasis on theatrical stage presence.

Key Artists

• Freddie Mercury
• Elton John
• David Bowie

Reggae

Reggae is a mixture of Jamaican popular music, rock, and pop, leading to the fusion of various musical styles.

Key Artists

• Bob Marley and The Wailers

Disco Music

Disco originated from Black music styles (Soul, Funk, and Electronica) and is characterized by dance rhythms.

Key Artists

• Gloria Gaynor
• Donna Summer
• Diana Ross
• The Bee Gees (known for falsetto)

80s Music: New Wave and Synth Pop

New Wave Music

New Wave utilized traditional rock instruments, often featuring guitars without distortion, and high-register vocals.

Key Artists

• Blondie
• The Police
• U2

Commercial Pop (Synth Pop)

This style saw electronic instruments displacing traditional rock instruments, defining the commercial style of pop.

Key Artists

• Eurythmics
• Pet Shop Boys
• Robert Palmer

The 90s Music Revolution

Music became ubiquitous, accompanying all activities of daily life. This era saw significant changes in the recording industry and media culture:

• The rise of the music clip (music video culture).
• New listening devices.
• Boom in live concerts.
• Popularity of musical quiz shows (e.g., Pop Idol, Tu Sí Que Vales, The Boom).
• Nightclubs and DJ culture, featuring *Makina* hits.

90s music is largely the result of applying technology and computers to musical creation. Notable events include the **Sónar Festival** (Barcelona).

Key 90s Artists and Bands

Nirvana, Blur, Guns N' Roses, Bon Jovi, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Oasis, Green Day, Björk, The Strokes, Arctic Monkeys, Coldplay.

Spanish Pop and Rock Music

The 80s Spanish Scene (La Movida)

The 80s were characterized by the *Movida Madrileña* (New Wave and Punk influences).

• Key Artists: Nacha Pop, Alaska, Radio Futura.
• Major Pop Groups: Mecano, Olé Olé, La Unión.
• Solo Artists: Miguel Bosé, Antonio Flores, Joaquín Sabina.
• Other Bands: Gabinete Caligari (referencing "Dangerous Liaisons"), El Último de la Fila.

Recent Pop Rock and Fusion

Recent Pop Rock trends (e.g., Pereza) and *Mestizaje* (fusion of folklore, such as Manu Chao).

Basque and Navarre Regional Folklore

Basque Country Folklore

Features deep-rooted traditional festivals:

• Tamborrada: Held in the Plaza de la Constitución.
• Carnivals: Including *Caldereros* and *Hungaros*.
• Religious Holidays: Such as the festival of the Shrine of Our Lady of Roncesvalles (Orrategui).

Traditional Basque Instruments

• Txistu: A traditional wind instrument.
• Tambourine: A membranophone.
• Trikitixa: A small accordion (wind instrument).

Navarre Popular Music and Folklore

Navarre folklore is characterized by the **Jota Navarra**, a popular dance and song style.

Music is central to the **San Fermín** festivities, featuring traditional quatrains and accompanying the *encierros* (running of the bulls).

Traditional Navarre Instruments

• Voice
• Gaita Navarra (Navarre Bagpipe)
• Trikitilari (Trikitixa players)
• Drum
• Fanfares (Wind instruments, often brass)
• Street Musicians (using instruments like the mandolin, lute, and guitar)

Chinese Music and Confucian Doctrine

Chinese music is historically tied to **Confucian doctrine**, which posits that music can educate the mind and influence the behavior of individuals.

Characteristics of Traditional Chinese Music

The rate often fluctuates and is not strictly regular. Traditional music utilizes specific, resonant instruments.

• Melody: Features special ornaments and embellishments.
• Scales: Primarily uses pentatonic scales (5 sounds without semitones), but also utilizes heptatonic scales (7 sounds).