Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing Fundamentals
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1. Astronomical Importance
The Tropics
2. Land Cover
Land use map
3. Panchromatic Imaging
Visible spectrum
4. UTM Coordinates
Transverse Mercator projection (meridian-based)
5. Vector vs. Raster Data
Raster is divided into pixels; vector represents discrete variables.
6. Types of DBMS
Hierarchical, network, and relational
7. Raster Data Types
Exhaustive enumeration, coding, and run-length encoding
8. Vector Data Models
Spaghetti, topological, and arc-node (DIME)
9. GIS Functions
Capturing, analyzing, modeling, and representation
10. Buffer Analysis
Establishing a specific area at a set distance from an object
11. Spatial Patterns
Random, concentrated, and regular
12. Snow Reflectance
Visible spectrum (emitted and reflected)
13. Remote Sensing Elements
Energy source, land cover, sensor system, reception, and interpretation system
14. Types of Resolution
Spatial (pixel), spectral (bands), radiometric (bit depth), and temporal (revisit time)
15. Scale and Measurement
Measurements may vary depending on the scale
16. Map Series
SGE IGN 1:50,000 and 1:25,000
17. Electromagnetic Spectrum
Visible, infrared (near, mid, far), and thermal microwave
18. Data Errors
User, measurement, and processing errors
19. Interpolation
Predicting variable values at unknown locations based on known conditions
20. Digital Elevation Models (DEM)
Formed from elevation levels and contour lines
21. Map Projections
Conformal (angles), equivalent (area), and equidistant (distance)
22. Database Elements
File, entity, attributes, records, and key fields
23. Climate Model Analysis
Tmax, potential sunstroke, and solar irradiance energy
24. Reflectance Modifiers
Solar altitude, position, atmosphere, phenology, and substrate
25. Neighborhood Analysis
Delaunay triangulation and Thiessen polygons
26. Cloud Cover Impact
Increased cloud cover reduces band availability, pixel size, and temporal resolution
27. Nearest-Neighbor Index
Do = total distance / number of points; R1 = Do / Dm. R1=0 (concentrated), R1=1 (random), R1=2.5 (regular).