The Generation of '98 and the Rise of Modernism
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The Generation of '98
The crisis of the late 19th century gave rise to a group of writers who renewed Spanish letters. The name Generation of '98 was coined by José Martínez Ruiz (Azorín) and includes authors who shared selfless idealism, spirit, and a love of art.
Characteristics of the Generation
The defining characteristics of this group include:
- Rebellion: A reaction against the corruption caused by political instability.
- Vindication: A focus on the figure of Larra and the discovery of neglected aspects of Spanish culture.
- Style: Anti-rhetorical simplicity and elegance in their writing.
- Subjectivism: A reflection of the authors' own feelings.
- Traditionalism: An interest in Spain that led them to use traditional vocabulary and classical sources.
- Genre: A preference for the essay, a flexible form for collecting thoughts, cultural reflections, and lyrical visions.
Core Topics
These authors expressed deep concern regarding the country's stagnation, showing great interest in the landscape, history, and culture of Spain. They sought to uncover Spanish values and the roots of national decline.
Key Figures and Works
- Miguel de Unamuno: La tía Tula, Abel Sánchez, San Manuel Bueno, mártir.
- Pío Baroja: Camino de perfección, La busca, Zalacaín el aventurero, El árbol de la ciencia.
- José Martínez Ruiz (Azorín): La voluntad, Confesiones de un pequeño filósofo.
- Ramón María del Valle-Inclán: Tirano Banderas.
- Antonio Machado: Campos de Castilla.
Rubén Darío and Modernism
Félix Rubén García Sarmiento, known as Rubén Darío, was born in Nicaragua. Through his work as a journalist and diplomat traveling across Europe and America, he became the primary promoter of Modernism.
His works reflect a turbulent life, characterized by sensual pleasure, intellectual friendships, and the influence of Romanticism, Parnassianism, and Symbolism. His notable works include:
- Azul...: The initiator of Modernism, showing Parnassian influence through a collection of prose tales and poems.
- Prosas profanas: Enriches metric combinations, alliteration, and synesthesia. The central theme is love seeking harmony with art.
- Cantos de vida y esperanza: Highlights a personal tone, focusing on human concerns, social problems, and the future.