Fundamental Principles of Physics: Motion and Energy

Kinematics

• Location: A point in physical space from which it is possible to determine position.
• Trajectory (Career): The path described by a moving object on its way.
• Distance Traveled (Space-travel): The length measured along the path of the moving object.
• Displacement: A vector that originates from the initial point of movement.

Types of Motion

• MRU (Uniform Linear Motion): A movement in which the velocity is constant in direction and speed. Formula: v = (x_f - x_o) / (t_f - t_o) ⇒ x_f = x_o + v · t
• MRUA (Uniformly Accelerated Linear Motion): A movement along a straight line where acceleration is constant. Formula: a = (v_f - v_o) / (t_f - t_o) ⇒ v_f = v_o + a · t
• MCU (Uniform Circular Motion): Defined by angular displacement and radius. θ = s / r. Since s = 2πr for a full circle, θ = 2π radians. Conversion: θ_rad = θ_deg · 2π / 360º
• Period (T): The time it takes for a repeated movement to complete one cycle.
• Frequency (f): The number of times the movement repeats in one second.

Dynamics

• Force: Every cause which may produce deformation or a change in the state of motion of a body.

Types of Bodies and Deformations

• Rigid: Not deformed by the action of a force.
• Elastic: Deformed by the action of a force, but recovers its original shape when the force disappears.
• Plastic: Deformed by the action of a force and does not recover its original shape when the force disappears.

Newton's Laws of Motion

• First Law: If a moving body suffers no perturbation, it continues to move forever with MRU.
• Second Law: When the net force acting on a body is zero, the body maintains its state of motion.
• Third Law: When one body exerts a force (action) on another, the latter responds with an equal and opposite force (reaction).

Work and Energy

• Work: The energy that is transferred from one body to another by means of a force that causes a displacement. (SI Unit: Joule [J])
• Energy: A property of bodies or systems enabling them to produce material changes in themselves or other bodies. (SI Unit: Joule [J])

Heat and Thermodynamics

• Heat: Energy exchanged when two bodies at different temperatures come into contact or when a change in state occurs. (SI Unit: Joule [J]; 1 cal = 4.18 J)
• Temperature: A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a body.

Changes in State

Sublimation → Fusion → Vaporization

Inverse Sublimation ← Solidification ← Liquefaction

• Specific Heat: The amount of heat that must be communicated to 1g of a substance to increase its temperature by 1K.
• Latent Heat: The amount of heat to be communicated to a given mass of a substance to undergo a change of state at a constant temperature.
• Effects of Heat: Changes in state, temperature, and size.