Fundamental Principles of Chemistry and Chemical Formulation
Classified in Chemistry
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Atomic Structure and Properties
- Atom: The core structure of matter, containing a nucleus of protons and neutrons with electrons moving around it.
- Isotopes: Atoms of the same chemical element that possess the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.
- Bohr Model: A model where electrons are restricted to specific energy levels.
- Orbital: A region of space with a high probability (above 90%) of finding an electron.
- Electronic Configuration: The distribution of electrons around the nucleus of an atom.
- Valence Electrons: Electrons located in the outermost shell, responsible for the chemical behavior of the atom.
- Valency: The number of electrons an atom needs to gain or lose to complete its outermost shell.
- Metals: Elements that tend to lose electrons to achieve a noble gas configuration.
- Non-metals: Elements that tend to gain electrons to achieve a noble gas configuration.
Chemical Bonding and Rules
- Chemical Bonding: The attractive forces that hold atoms together, primarily electronic in nature.
- Octet Rule: Proposed by Lewis in 1923, this rule states that atoms tend to achieve 8 electrons in their valence shell by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons.
Chemical Formulation
- Silver iodide: AgI
- Potassium hydroxide: KOH
- Carbonic acid: H2CO3
- Iron(II) hydroxide: Fe(OH)2
- Nitric acid: HNO3
- Calcium oxide: CaO
- Nitrogen(I) oxide: N2O
- Sulfuric acid: H2SO4
- Hydrogen sulfide: H2S
- Calcium chloride: CaCl2
- Iron(III) hydroxide: Fe(OH)3
- Calcium hydroxide: Ca(OH)2
- Copper(I) sulfate: Cu2SO4
- Hydrogen: H2
- Sulfur trioxide or sulfur(VI) oxide: SO3
- Aluminum oxide: Al2O3
- Dichloro trioxide or chlorine(III) oxide: Cl2O3
- Hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid): HCl
- Sodium chloride: NaCl
- Carbon monoxide or carbon(II) oxide: CO
- Ammonia: NH3
- Calcium carbonate: CaCO3
- Silicon dioxide or silicon(IV) oxide: SiO2
- Carbon dioxide: CO2
- Manganese dioxide or manganese(IV) oxide: MnO2
- Magnesium hydride: MgH2
- Sodium nitrate: NaNO3
- Magnesium hydroxide: Mg(OH)2
- Potassium chloride: KCl
- Potassium sulfate: K2SO4
- Aluminum carbonate: Al2(CO3)3
- Copper(II) nitrate: Cu(NO3)2
- Nitrous oxide: N2O
- Iron(III) oxide: Fe2O3
- Oxygen: O2
- Aluminum hydride: AlH3
- Lithium hydroxide: LiOH
- Cobalt(III) oxide: Co2O3