Fundamental Concepts of Chemical Equilibrium and Solution Chemistry

Equilibrium solution: An ac is furto when fully decoupled and weak when it partially differentiated. We define the degree of dissociation (ionization) of a compound as one of the molecules that are dissociated (ionized) when dissolved in water. In the case of strong electrolytes are completely dissociated in water, the degree of dissociation is one.
ionization of water:
uansustancia water is amphoteric, can behave like giving ac io ns h idronio (H ⁺⁾ and as a basis giving inone (OH), one must take into account that since the pure acute activity is considered as 1. Constant of water (K _W= [H ^+] X [OH ^-] at 25 ° C is 1.0 x 10 ^-14
Simultaneo.Efecto common ion balance:
when encuantra 2 equilibria in solution where it is common ion effect is produced on the balance. We can find such cases;
- A weak ac with a salt from a weak ac:
CH ₃COOH -> CH ₃COO ^-+ H ⁺( `partially decoupled
CH ₃COONa -> CH ₃COO ^-+ Na ⁺completely dissociated
-weak base with a salt from a weak base:
NH ₄OH -> NH ₄+ OH ^-partially decoupled
NH ₄Cl -> NH ₄⁺+ Cl ^-dissociated totalment
Buffer solution: used to avoid sudden changes in pH calls TAMNIES buffer, buffer and buffer. Regualdoras solutions are mixtures of:
ac-a weak with a salt from a weak ac:
CH ₃COOH -> CH ₃COO ^-+ H ⁺partially decoupled
CH ₃COONa -> CH ₃COO ^-+ Na ⁺completely dissociated
-weak base with a salt from a weak base:
NH ₄Cl -> NH ₄^{+ +}OH ^-partially decoupled
NH ₄Cl -> NH ₄^{+ +}Cl ^-completely dissociated

Hydrolysis. Hydrolysis constant:
are substances capable of reacting with water. The degree of hydrolysis is therefore one of the molecules hydrolysed.
Most frequent indications. Shift intervals:
substances that are used as indicators in the volumetrics of neutralization are weak ac. If that dissociated and ionized form that has a blue color and the ionized form has a yellow color.
preparation of reagents:
ac titrants reagents used are: HCl, H ₂SO _4, HNO ₃, NaOH.
acidic primary standard substances:
are substances that behave utulizan acid and basic solutions to normalize.
substances under basic primary standard:
are substances that have as their basic behavior and re-used to normalize acid solutions
Cr2O3 -> oxide of chromium 3
H2SO5 -> ac sulfur
H2S2O3 -> ac disulfides or pyrosulfuric
H4P2O7 -> heptaoxodisulfato 5 hydrogen ac
PBH4 -> Lead hydride 4
H2PO4 -> mono anion
Na2S -> Sodium Sulfide
AlCl3 -> aluminum chloride
Cu (NO2) 2 -> nitrite copper 2
PbO2 -> lead oxide 4
Al2O3 -> dialuminium TRIOXIDE
H2Se -> ac selenhidrico
KHSO4 -> potassium hydrogen tetraoxosulfato 6
CuSO4 x 5H2O -> 2 copper sulphate pentahydrate
Hg (bro2) 2 -> bis [dioxobromato 3] of mercury
KBr -> Potassium bromide
Hg2 (P2O7) -> heptaoxodisulfato 5 mercury 2