The French Revolution and the Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte

The Social and Economic Crisis of the 18th Century

During the 18th century, prices began to rise, and while the bourgeoisie initially enjoyed benefits from free trade, these advantages eventually ended. They began to demand political changes to end absolutism. While the nobility relied on an aristocracy, the bourgeoisie sought change, especially as those living on wages were heavily affected. The nobility responded by further exploiting the peasantry, but poor production led to a fall in revenues and increased complaints. Many factories closed because basic products became too expensive to purchase, leading to theft, strikes, and unrest. Since only the commoners paid taxes and the nobles paid nothing, the situation became unsustainable.

The Estates General and the National Assembly

The minister Calonne wanted the nobility to pay taxes, but they opposed this, stating that only the Estates General could decide. When the Estates General convened, the bourgeoisie demanded equal voting rights among the estates. They wanted to form a National Assembly. Although the King initially accepted, the nobility resisted and brought in 20,000 troops to end the meeting. This led to an attack by the bourgeoisie and the National Assembly.

Constitutional Changes and the Reign of Terror

The National Assembly eliminated the privileges of the nobility, removing charges such as the tithe and servitude. A new constitution was established, granting rights to citizens and creating legislative, executive, and judiciary powers. Internal customs were removed, and corporations were forbidden. While the goods of the clergy were redistributed, the nobility and some bourgeoisie opposed these changes. Liberals joined together to stop them. King Louis XVI attempted to flee to Austria to fight against democracy but was discovered and brought back to Paris, where he was later arrested. The Girondins and Jacobins debated his fate; he was eventually judged and executed in 1793.

The Radical Revolutionary Government

An anti-French coalition formed, leading to the recruitment of people. The Jacobins took control, establishing a revolutionary government and a new constitution during the period known as The Terror. This radical phase saw wages rise, prices fall, compulsory education, and social reforms that aimed to eliminate Christianity.

The Era of Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte became the sole Consul in 1802. He worked to eliminate the declaration of rights, reduced the influence of Christianity, and accumulated power, eventually becoming Emperor in 1804. He changed laws and created new institutions, focusing on property rights, equality, state management, and public education.

European Domination and the Fall of the Empire

Napoleon did not only focus on France; he sought to dominate Europe. While he removed absolutism in conquered territories, he also utilized economic exploitation and violence. His downfall began with the failed attempt to invade Russia in 1814, leading to the return of the Bourbon monarchy and the fall of absolutism. His final defeat occurred at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.