The Evolution of Western Ethics: From Homer to Aristotle

The Origins of the Ethics of Maxima

The origins of the ethics of maxima are found in the poems of Homer, dating back to the 8th century BC. These works reflect the foundational morality of Western culture. In this context, the ideal person is defined as someone who is strong, brave, fearless, and driven by a desire to both serve society and distinguish themselves as the best (e.g., Odysseus, Hector).

The Shift to New Morality in Athens

By the 5th century BC, the rise of democracy in Athens shifted the mentality regarding what constitutes a "good person." The prevailing thought evolved to value individuals who are tolerant, skilled listeners, and effective communicators capable of engaging in constructive dialogue and debating arguments. This shift is known as the new morality.

The Sophists versus Socrates

• Sophists: These teachers instructed students in the art of rhetoric and public speaking to ensure success in politics, focusing on eloquence and persuasion.
• Socrates: While similar in his focus on dialogue, Socrates was not satisfied with mere persuasion. He sought to uncover the objective truth regarding justice, virtue, and goodness.

Socrates utilized a technique known as maieutics, arguing that through structured dialogue, one can reach the definition of truth and virtue. He defended moral intellectualism, asserting that a good person is one who possesses knowledge of truth and virtue, while a poor person is simply one who is ignorant of them.

Aristotle and Eudaimonism

Aristotle’s philosophy of Eudaimonism, or self-actualization, posits that while humans naturally desire happiness, true happiness is found in fulfilling one's nature. As rational animals, humans must develop their reason and essence to achieve fulfillment.

Types of Virtues

• Dianoetic Virtues: These are intellectual virtues, with prudence being the most significant. A wise person uses prudence to identify the "midpoint" or the golden mean.
• Ethical Virtues: These are virtues of character. They are essential for being a good person and consistently performing the right actions.