Essential Phases of the Scientific Research Process

Key Phases in the Research Process

1. Conceptual Phase

In this initial stage, we determine the specific topic of research. This involves:

• Formulating the initial question and conception.
• Defining the objectives of the investigation.
• Writing the theoretical framework.

2. Design Phase

During this phase, we select a methodology based on the purpose and scope of the research:

• Purpose: Basic or applied research.
• Temporal Scope: Sectional or longitudinal (retrospective, prospective, panel, and tendency).
• Depth: Exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory.
• Sources of Information: Primary, secondary, or combined.
• Character: Qualitative (seeking to discover sense and meanings) or quantitative (focusing on objective aspects, quantification, and explanation).
• Nature: Empirical, experimental, documentary, or surveys.

Methodology: Population and Sampling

This step defines the units of observation, the population, and the sample:

• Probabilistic: Statistically representative; allows for conclusions to be drawn from results (e.g., simple random and stratified).
• Non-probabilistic: Not statistically representative; results are illustrative rather than generalizable (e.g., voluntary, strategic, convenience, and quota systems).

Population definitions must include main characteristics, zone/area, temporal period, and units of analysis. This phase also identifies quantitative techniques for obtaining data.

3. Empirical Phase

This is a mechanical step focused on collecting and processing data to make it suitable for analysis. The primary goal is to extract relevant information.

4. Analytical Phase

In this stage, researchers interpret and establish connections between data. This phase is designed to answer the research questions and meet the objectives while maintaining the internal coherence of the investigation.

Survey Techniques and Questionnaire Design

A survey is a technique used to obtain data regarding objective and subjective facts and opinions provided directly by the subject.

A questionnaire is the specific tool used to obtain data within the survey technique. The process of elaborating a questionnaire includes:

1. Identifying the concept to investigate.
2. Identifying and operationalizing variables.
3. Organizing the questions.
4. Adding instructions for use.
5. Creating a draft.
6. Pre-testing and revision.
7. Final elaboration of the questionnaire.

Main Biases in Research

Researchers must account for main biases, including: order bias, yea-saying (acquiescence), special response biases, and social desirability bias.

Classification of Questions

• According to Answer Type: Closed, open, or mixed questions.
• According to Nature: Questions of fact, action, information, intention, opinion, reasons, aspirations/expectations, and identification.
• According to Function: Substantive, filter, control/consistency, introduction, "buffer" (mattress), and barter questions.