Essential Genetics and Cell Biology Glossary
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| Term | Definition | Term | Definition |
|---|---|---|---|
| Allele | A variant form of a gene. | Parental Generation | The adults used in the first experimental cross of a breeding experiment. |
| Cell Reproduction | Cells that are exact copies of the cells they replace. | Phases of Meiosis | Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2. |
| Centrioles | Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only. | Phases of Mitosis | Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. |
| Chromosomes | Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes. | Phenotype | The set of observable characteristics of an individual. |
| Dihybrid Cross | Cross between two individuals that differ in two observed traits. | Protein | Chain of amino acids. |
| Diploid Cell | A cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes (2n). | Punnett Square | A diagram used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment. |
| DNA | A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. | Recessive Allele | An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present. |
| Dominant Allele | An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present. | Sexual Reproduction | A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents. |
| F1 Generation | Offspring of the P generation. | Test Cross | Genetic cross between a homozygous recessive individual and a corresponding heterozygote to determine the heterozygote's genotype. |
| F2 Generation | Result of the cross between two F1 individuals. | Trait | Specific characteristics of an organism. |
| Gene | A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait. | Transcription | The organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA. |
| Genotype | The genetic constitution of an individual organism. | Translation | The process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm. |
| Haploid Cell | A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n). | Monohybrid Cross | A mating between two individuals with different alleles for one trait. |
| Heterozygous | Genes where one is dominant and one is recessive. | Mitosis | One cell division forming two identical cells or clones. |
| Homozygous | A pair of matching alleles for a trait. | Meiosis | Two cell divisions forming four genetically different cells. |
| Law of Independent Assortment | Variation in hereditary factors for independent characteristics. | Law of Segregation | During the production of gametes, the two copies of each hereditary factor separate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent. |