Essential English Vocabulary and Reported Speech Rules
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English Vocabulary: Truth and Deception
- Be economical with the truth: No decir la verdad
- Bluntly: Decir algo a lo bruto
- Deny: Negar
- Fake: Falsa
- Fall for sth: Tragarse algo
- Gossip: Cotillear
- Hoax: Rumor
- Make up: Inventarse algo
- Own up: Admitir
- Pigs might fly: No lo creo
- Pretend: Fingir
- Tell tales: Cotillear o chivarse
- Two-time: A dos bandas, engañar
- White lie: Mentira piadosa
Phrasal Verbs
- Back up: Apoyar
- Cover up: Disfrazar una mentira
- Point out: Señalar
- Tamper with: Manipular, trastear
Beliefs and Opinions
- Activist: Activista
- Agnostic: Agnóstico
- Atheist: Ateo
- Be convinced: Estar convencido
- Believe in: Creer en
- Condemn: Condenar
- Disapprove of: Oponerse
- Environmentalist: Ecologista
- Extremist: Extremista
- Justifiable: Justificable
- Left wing: De izquierdas
- Maintain: Mantener
- Oppose: Oponer
- PC (Politically correct): Políticamente correcto
- Reckon: Suponer
- Right wing: De derechas
- Support: Apoyar
- Terrorist: Terrorista
Idioms and Expressions
- Black and white: Persona simple
- Play devil's advocate: Abogado del demonio
- Point of view: Punto de vista
- See eye to eye: Mismas opiniones
- Sit on the fence: No tomar partido
- Wind sb up: Mosquear a alguien
Adjectives and Prepositions
- Keen on: Aficionado
- Sceptical about: Escéptico
- Obsessed with: Obsesionado
- Fussy about: Quisquilloso
- Grateful to sb for sth: Estar agradecido
- Brilliant at: Se te da muy bien algo
- Responsible for: Responsable
- Concerned about: Te preocupa algo
- Different from: Diferente
- Suitable for: Apropiado
Verb and Preposition Combinations
- Concentrate on: Concentrado en algo
- Cope with: Afrontar
- Hear about: Oír cosas
- Hear of: Oír personas
- Rely on: Confiar
- Succeed in: Tener éxito
- Think about: Tener algo en cuenta
- Think of: Tener opinión/opinar
Reported Speech: Tense Changes
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|
| Present simple | Past simple |
| Present continuous | Past continuous |
| Present perfect simple | Past perfect simple |
| Past simple | Past perfect simple |
| Past perfect simple | Past perfect simple |
| Will | Would |
| Can | Could |
| Must | Had to |
Time and Place Expressions
- Here: There
- This: That
- These: Those
- Now: Then
- Next week: The following week
- Today: That day
- Tonight: That night
- Tomorrow: The next/following day
- Yesterday: The day before/the previous day
- Last week: The week before
Questions and Clauses
- 6W (Who, What, Where, When, Why, Which): Se mantienen
- Yes/No questions: Se usa 'if'
Verb Patterns in Reported Speech
Verb (+not) + infinitive with to
Agree, decide, offer, promise, refuse, threaten
Verb + object (+not) + infinitive with to
Advise, ask, beg, encourage, forbid, invite, persuade, order, remind, tell, warn
Verb (+not) + -ing
Admit, deny, suggest, recommend
Verb (+object) + preposition (+not) + -ing
Accuse of, apologize for, blame for, congratulate on
Verb (+object) + (that) + clause
Admit, announce, assume, believe, decide, deny, explain, insist, mention, point out, promise, realize, recommend, report, suggest, think