Essential English Vocabulary and Grammar Reference
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Vocabulary
Social Interaction
- Connect people: Ponerse en contacto con gente
- Turn away: No dejar entrar
- Build bridges between: Acercar/reconciliar
- Isolate: Aislar
- Shut out: Dejar al margen
- Bring together: Reunir, juntar
Society and Rights
- Equal rights: Igualdad de derechos
- Stereotypes: Estereotipos
- Prejudice: Prejuicios
- Diversity: Diversidad
- Racism: Racismo
- Tolerance: Tolerancia
- Segregation: Segregación
- Cooperation: Cooperación
Activism and Politics
- Lobby: Presionar
- Policies: Política / medidas
- Manifestos: Manifiesto
- Empower: Conceder poder
- Cause: Causa
- Bill: Cuenta / Proyecto de ley
- Social unrest: Descontento social
- Mobilize: Movilizar
- Overthrow: Derrocar
- Issue: Tema / asunto
- Signatures: Firmas
- Movement: Movimiento
- Activism: Activismo
- Dissent: Desacuerdo
Verbs and Prepositions
- Suffer from
- Recover from
- Insist on
- Begin with
- Talking about
- Interfering with
- Succeed in
- Belong to
- Admit to
- Reaction to
- Speaking to
- Respond to
Grammar
Tenses
- Present Simple: I am pretty; You are; The library doesn't close until 10 pm; I often meet friends.
- Present Continuous: I'm studying design; She is going to the library; At the moment, I'm living in Russia.
- Present Perfect: She has passed her exams, so she is going to university; I have made a lot of new friends.
- Present Perfect Continuous: I have been staying with my aunt for two weeks; I have been doing my homework all morning.
- Past Simple: We went to London every week last year; I was very happy when I was young.
- Past Continuous: I saw you yesterday; You were sitting on the bus; While I was working, my sister was watching TV.
- Past Perfect: I had known her for years; He had worked there since March.
- Future Continuous & Perfect: I will be working; I will have been here for 5 hours.
Relative Pronouns and Adverbs
- Who/That: Personas
- Where: Lugares
- When: Tiempo
- Whose: Posesión (cosas/personas)
- Which: Cosas
Modal Verbs
- Ability and Permission: Can, could, be able to, may, be allowed to.
- Advice, Possibility, Obligation, Prohibition: Should, ought to, may, might, could, must, mustn't, have to, need.
Passive Voice
- Enjoy: Is enjoyed
- Invented: Was invented
- Will celebrate: Will be celebrated
Conditionals
- First: If + present simple, will + infinitive
- Second: If + past simple, would + infinitive
- Third: If + past perfect, would have + past participle
Reported Speech
- Present: Changes to Past
- Present Continuous: Changes to Past Continuous
- Past: Changes to Past Perfect
- Will: Changes to Would
- Can: Changes to Could
- Must: Changes to Had to
- Time/Place markers: Here/There, This/That, These/Those, Now/Then, Tonight/That night, Next week/The following week, Last week/The week before.