Essential English Grammar and Environmental Vocabulary
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Environmental Vocabulary
- Active: Activo
- Activist: Activista
- Approach: Acercarse
- Approve of: Estar de acuerdo con
- Auction: Subasta
- Avoid: Evitar
- Ban: Prohibir
- Believable: Creíble
- Bid: Puja / Pujar
- Can't face: No poder enfrentarse a
- Charged with: Acusado
- Clerk: Funcionario
- Complete: Completo / Terminado
- Convicted: Condenado
- Cool: Enfriar
- Court: Juzgado / Tribunal
- Crime: Delito
- Cut down: Talar / Deforestar
- Damage: Dañar
- Deforestation: Deforestación
- Demonstrate: Manifestarse
- Destroy: Destruir
- Disapprove of: En contra de
- Dishonest: Poco honrado
- Dispose of: Deshacerse de
- Drilling: Perforación
- Dump: Verter
- Endangered: En peligro de extinción
- Exploit: Explotar / Aprovechar
- Face: Enfrentarse
- Face charges: Acusación
- Face facts: Enfrentarse a hechos
- Freedom: Libertad
- Fuel: Combustible
- Global warming: Calentamiento global
- Greenhouse effect: Efecto invernadero
- Guilty: Culpable
- Honest: Honrado
- Illegal: Ilegal
- Impolite: Maleducado
- In shock: Conmocionado
- Inactive: Inactivo
- Incomplete: Incompleto
- Intercity: Interurbano
- International: Internacional
- Landfill: Vertedero
- Leak: Derramarse
- Legal: Legal
- Litter: Basura
- Lobby: Vestíbulo
- Misbehave: Portarse mal
- Misunderstand: Malinterpretar
- Outspoken: Declarado
- Overcrowded / Overpopulated: Superpoblado
- Petrol-burning: De gasolina
- Polite: Educado
- Pollutant: Contaminante
- Pollute: Contaminar
- Power station: Central eléctrica
- Pristine: Prístino
- Rebuild: Reconstruir
- Reduce: Reducir
- Regret: Lamentar
- Renewable: Renovable
- Replace: Sustituir
- Reuse: Reusar
- Smog: Niebla tóxica
- Source: Nacimiento
- Spoilt: Estropeado
- Supply: Suministrar
- Threaten: Amenazar
- Trial: Juicio / Proceso
- Undeveloped: Sin explotar
- Unspoilt: Estado natural
- Waste: Residuos
- Water shortage: Falta de agua
- Wilderness: Terreno agreste
- Wildlife: Fauna
Reported Speech
Verb Tense Changes:
- Stays → Stayed
- Is staying → Was staying
- Stayed → Had stayed
- Was staying → Had been staying
- Has stayed → Had stayed
- Has been staying → Had been staying
- Had stayed → Had stayed
- Had been staying → Had been staying
- Will stay → Would stay
- Can → Could
- May → Might
- Will → Would
Time and Place Changes:
- Now → Then
- Today → That day
- Tonight → That night
- Yesterday → The previous day
- Last week → The previous week
- Tomorrow → The next day
- Here → There
Passive Voice
- Signs → Are signed
- Is signing → Are being signed
- Signed → Were signed
- Was signing → Were being signed
- Has signed → Have been signed
- Had signed → Had been signed
- Will sign → Will be signed
Conditionals
- Zero: If/Unless + Present Simple + Present Simple (e.g., If you recycle materials, you help the environment).
- First: If + Present Simple + Future Simple, Imperative, or Modal + Base Form.
- Second: If + Past Simple + Would, Could, or Might + Base Form.
- Third: If + Past Perfect Simple + Would have, Could have, or Might have.