English Vocabulary and Grammar: Present and Past Tenses for Spanish Speakers
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Vocabulary
- Accommodation: alojamiento
- Achieve: lograr
- Awareness: conciencia
- Bee: abeja
- Bored: aburrido
- Break the ice: romper el hielo
- Colourful: colorido
- Crowded: lleno de gente
- Desert: desierto
- Eel: anguila
- Encounter: encuentro
- Excited: emocionado
- Exotic: exótico
- Face (v): afrontar
- Fence: valla
- Flat: llano
- Foreign: extranjero
- Get off: bajar(se)
- Get up: levantarse
- Give up: darse por vencido
- Go abroad: irse al extranjero
- Goal: objetivo
- Guide: guía
- Guided tour: visita guiada
- Hiking: excursionismo
- Hilly: accidentado
- Hire: contratar
- Hostile: hostil
- Impressive: impresionante
- Isolated: aislado
- Journey: viaje
- Landmark: punto de referencia, lugar/monumento famoso
- Lively: animado
- Local: local
- Make a reservation: hacer una reserva
- Mountain: montaña
- Mountainous: montañoso
- Noisy: ruidoso
- Peaceful: tranquilo
- Rafting: descenso en balsa
- Rappelling: descender en rápel
- Remote: remoto
- River: río
- Rocky: rocoso
- Route: ruta
- Run out of: quedarse sin
- Rural: rural
- Sandy: arenoso
- Scenery: paisaje
- Set off: salir
- Show up: aparecer
- Souvenir: recuerdo
- Steep: empinado
- Take off: despegar (avión)
- Tired: cansado
- Travel arrangements: preparativos antes del viaje
- Turn back: regresar
- Unpredictable: imprevisible
- Urban: urbano
- Warn: advertir
- Watch out: tener cuidado
Grammar
Present Simple
To be: am / is / are. Used for routines.
With all other verbs:
- Affirmative: base verb + -s/-es/-ies (he/she/it).
- Negative: don't + base verb, or doesn't + base verb.
- Interrogative: Do/Does + subject + base verb + complements?
Uses: routines, habits, universal truths, verb to be, static verbs, and fixed schedules.
Adverbs of Frequency
Always, usually, generally, regularly, occasionally, frequently, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, never.
Time expressions: at night, in the morning, on Fridays, every week, once a month, how often...?
State Verbs
Know, understand, believe, want, love/like/hate, decide.
Present Continuous
- Affirmative: am / is / are + V-ing
- Negative: am / is / are + not + V-ing
- Interrogative: Am / is / are + subject + V-ing + complements?
Uses: actions happening at the moment of speaking, actions outside the routine, future plans, and temporary routines.
Frequency adverbs and time expressions: at the moment, now, right now, today, tomorrow, tonight, next/this, later.
Special Verbs: Think and Have
The verbs think and have can be used in the continuous form when they describe actions rather than states.
Past Simple
- Affirmative: regular verbs add -ed; irregular verbs use the second column of the irregular verb list (V2).
- Negative: didn't + base verb
- Interrogative: Did + subject + base verb + complements?
Uses: actions that happened in the past and are finished.
Time expressions: yesterday, last week/year, two days ago, in 2007, in the 1980s, in the 18th century, when, then.
When is commonly used with the past simple.
Past Continuous
- Affirmative: was / were + V-ing
- Negative: wasn't / weren't + V-ing
- Interrogative: Was / were + subject + V-ing?
Uses: a long action in the past, often interrupted by a shorter past simple action.
Time expressions: last night/week/year, at 4 o'clock, when, while, as.
When = cuando. While = mientras.