English Vocabulary and Future Tense Grammar Essentials
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Environmental Vocabulary
- Survive: Stay alive despite difficult conditions.
- Wash away: Destroy something with water.
- Relocate: Move to another place.
- Die out: Stop existing.
- Evacuated: Move people from a place of danger to a safer place.
- Devastate: Destroy something.
- Preserve: Protect something for the future.
- Contaminate: Poison and make something bad.
- Spread: Affect a larger area or a bigger group of people.
Vocabulary Prefixes
Common prefixes: semi-, under-, over-, re-, co-, inter-.
Charity and Social Action Vocabulary
- Take part in an event / marathon
- Raise money / awareness
- Transform lives / a situation
- Donate money / clothes
- Aid poor people / developing countries
- Address an issue / a problem
- Volunteer time / help
- Support a charity / a campaign
English Grammar: Expressing the Future
- Present Simple: Scheduled events and timetables.
- Present Continuous: Arrangements.
- Will: Promises, hopes, and predictions (often with think, probably).
- Going to: Intentions and predictions based on evidence.
- May/Might: Uncertain predictions.
Future Continuous
Structure: (will) + (be) + (present participle) OR (am/is/are) + (going to) + (be) + (present participle)
- Positive: Subject + will be + V-ing
- Negative: Subject + will + not + be + V-ing
- Questions: Will + subject + be + V-ing?
Future Perfect
Used for actions finished before a stated future time, often with expressions like by, by the time, before, until, by then.
- Positive: Subject + will have + V-ed/V3
- Negative: Subject + will + not + have + V-ed/V3
- Questions: Will + subject + have + V3/V-ed?
Global Issues and Environmental Terms
Climate Change
A long-term change in the Earth’s climate, mainly caused by human activities like burning fossil fuels.
Deforestation
The removal of large areas of forests, often for farming, building, or logging.
Disease
A medical condition that harms the body and can spread among people.
Drought
A long period without enough rainfall, leading to water shortages.
Earthquakes
Sudden shaking of the ground caused by movement in the Earth’s crust.
Famine
A severe lack of food in a region, causing widespread hunger.
Floods
When large amounts of water cover normally dry land.
Pollution
The contamination of air, water, or soil by harmful substances.
Poverty
A condition where people lack basic needs such as food, housing, and money.
Unemployment
A situation where people who want a job cannot find one.
Urbanization
The growth of cities as more people move from rural areas to urban areas.
Volcanic Eruptions
When a volcano releases lava, ash, and gases due to built-up pressure underground.