English Language Study Notes and Grammar Rules

Travel and Lifestyle Vocabulary

• Travel: beach holiday, city break, travel companion, return flight, winter sports, train ticket, five-star accommodation, luxury hotel, day trip.

Verbs and Phrasal Verbs

• Common Verbs: borrow (pedir prestado), lend (dejar), look (mirar), see (ver), watch (mirar en movimiento).
• Phrasal Verbs: get on (subir), get off (bajar), set off (salir), come back (volver), come across (encontrar), turn back (tornar enrere), stop off (parar), put up (alojarse), put on (ponerse), take off (treure).

Adjectives and Descriptors

• Style: smart-casual (elegante/deportivo), fashionable vs. old-fashioned (de moda), tight vs. baggy (apretado/holgado).
• Qualities: comfortable vs. uncomfortable (cómodo/incómodo), impractical vs. practical (práctico/poco práctico), cool vs. uncool (atractivo/fuera de moda), simple vs. sophisticated (simple/sofisticado), colorful vs. plain (colorido/claro).

Linguistic Concepts

• Definitions: malastrugat (porta mala sort), misogin (critica dones), faecia (per divertir fent riure), topic (poc o gens veritable), ambiguitat (més d'un significat), dogma (aversió no raonada), perjudici (element mal construït), tautologia (idèntiques de significat), hipòtesi (cal demostrar).

The Passive Voice

Active Voice: He ate all of the cookies. (Comió todas las galletas.)

Passive Voice: All of the cookies were eaten. (Todas las galletas fueron comidas.)

Structure: Subject + auxiliary verb ("to be") + past participle.

Example: Mark Twain wrote the book. → The book was written by Mark Twain.

Future Tenses

Present Simple for Future Schedules

• The train for London leaves at 9:00 (every day).
• Classes start on September 10th.
• The shops open at 9:30 and close at 5:00.

Present Continuous for Future Plans

Used for events or plans that are arranged or fixed:

• My plane is arriving tonight at about 8:30 pm.
• My parents are leaving town tomorrow.
• Jack isn't meeting with us next weekend.

Quantifiers: SO, SUCH, TOO, ENOUGH

• SO: Used with an adjective (e.g., "She's so beautiful!").
• SUCH: Used with an adjective + noun (e.g., "She's such a beautiful woman!").
• Enough: Indicates sufficiency (e.g., "I'm not good enough").
• Too much: Indicates excess (e.g., "It's too much salt!", "You have already added too much pepper").