English Grammar and Vocabulary Mastery: Essential Concepts

Verb Classifications

• Main Verbs: Provide the core meaning of sentences.
• Auxiliary Verbs: Support main verbs.
• Modal Verbs: Modify the meaning of the main verb.

Modal Verbs Usage

• Ability: can, could, will be able to (capacity to perform an action).
• Possibility and Certainty: must, may, might, could, can’t + infinitive (describing degrees of certainty).
• Advice and Obligation: should, must (general obligations), have to (particular obligations).

Word Formation

discover - discovery, develop - development, operate - operation, prevent - prevention, suffer - suffering, treat - treatment, research, experiment, clone, cause, cure.

Phrasal Verbs: Health and Lifestyle

• Call on: To make a short visit.
• Cut down: To do less of something.
• Get over: To become well or happy again.
• Give up: To stop trying to do something.
• Go without: To stop having something.
• Take up: To start something.
• Turn on: To activate a switch.
• Work out: To exercise.

Future Tense Structures

1. Going to + infinitive: Personal intentions, predictions based on evidence.
2. Future Simple (will/won’t/shall + infinitive): Future facts, sudden decisions, offers, threats, promises, or probability (often after think, suppose, expect, doubt).
3. Present Continuous: Similar to "going to" but less personal.
4. Present Simple: Scheduled future events (timetables/programs).
5. Is to/Are to + infinitive: Official instructions or arrangements.
6. About to/Due to: Actions expected to happen soon.

Travel Vocabulary

tickets, hotel, city, city break, companion, return, beach gear, return flight, luxury accommodation.

Travel Phrasal Verbs

• Come across: Find by chance.
• Come back: Return.
• Get off: Exit a vehicle.
• Get on: Enter a vehicle.
• Put on: Wear or apply.
• Put up: Accommodate.
• Set off: Start a journey.
• Stop off: Pause during a journey.
• Take off: Depart (flight) or remove.
• Turn back: Return to the start.

Quantifiers

so, such, too, enough, not enough.

Fashion and Industry Vocabulary

Adjectives: baggy, casual, colorful, cool, comfortable, fashionable, plain, practical, designer.
Nouns: export, grower, importer, manufacturer, producer, shop, sufferer, supply, worker.