English Grammar Tenses and Vocabulary Reference

English Grammar: Past, Present, and Future

Past Tenses

• Past Simple: V2 (+I went, -I didn’t go, ?Did I go)
• Past Continuous: was/were + V-ing (+I was reading, -I wasn’t reading, ?Was I reading)
• Past Perfect: had + V3 (+She had left, -She hadn’t left, ?Had she left; already = уже, just = только что)
• Used to: used to + inf (+I used to play, -I didn’t use to play, ?Did you use to play)
• Would: would + inf (only for habits, +She would go)

Present Perfect Tenses

• Present Perfect Simple: have/has + V3 (+I’ve lost my keys, -I haven’t lost my keys, ?Have you lost your keys?) – used with for/since
• Present Perfect Continuous: have/has been + V-ing (+I’ve been studying for 2 hours, -I haven’t been studying, ?Have you been studying?) – action started in the past and continues or recently finished
• Subject/Object Questions: Subject – Who has eaten? → Tom has. Object – What have you eaten? → Pizza.
• Question Tags: Affirmative → Negative (You like tea, don’t you?); Negative → Affirmative (You don’t like tea, do you?)

Future Tenses

• Be going to: am/is/are + going to + V (+I am going to buy a phone)
• Will: will + V (+I will help; decisions made at the moment of speaking)
• Present Continuous: am/is/are + V-ing (+I am meeting Mike at 10 a.m.; plans with specific time/place)
• Present Simple: V1 (3rd person + s) (+Train arrives at 8:31; schedules)
• Future Continuous: will + be + V-ing (+I will be sitting on the beach; action at a specific time in the future)

Vocabulary: Goals and Actions

• Achieve a goal – достигать цели
• Give your time – уделять время
• Launch a campaign – запускать кампанию
• Make a difference – изменить ситуацию
• Promote a cause – продвигать дело / цель
• Raise funds – собирать средства
• Reach a target – достигать цели / показателя
• Save the planet – спасать планету
• Donate money – жертвовать деньги
• Sign a petition – подписывать петицию
• Hold an event – проводить мероприятие
• Find sponsors – находить спонсоров

Vocabulary: Nature and the Environment

• Absorb – поглощать
• Carbon footprint – углеродный след
• Climate change – изменение климата
• Damage – вредить
• Green – зелёный
• Greenhouse gases – парниковые газы
• Habitats – места обитания
• Loss – потеря
• Reduce – уменьшать
• Species – виды
• Suffer – страдать
• Support – поддерживать
• Sustainable – устойчивый
• Threaten – угрожать

Extra: Verbs Related to Change

• Ensure – обеспечивать
• Establish – создавать / основывать
• Inspire – вдохновлять
• Recreate – воссоздавать
• Transform – преобразовывать