English Grammar Tenses and Structures Reference

English Verb Tenses

• Present Simple: Do/Does (he, she) + infinitive (e.g., Yo juego)
• Present Continuous: To be + -ing (e.g., Yo estoy jugando)
• Present Perfect Simple: Have/Has + 3rd column (e.g., Yo he jugado)
• Present Perfect Continuous: Have/Has + been + -ing (e.g., He estado jugando)
• Past Simple: 2nd column / didn't / Did...? (e.g., Yo jugué)
• Past Continuous: Was/Were (you, we, they) + -ing
• Past Perfect Simple: Had + 2nd column / Hadn't (e.g., Había estudiado)
• Past Perfect Continuous: Had + been + -ing (e.g., Había estado jugando)
• Be going to: To be + going to + infinitive (e.g., Voy a jugar)
• Will: Will + infinitive / Won't (e.g., Jugaré)

Modal Verbs

• Can: Poder (possibility or ability)
• Could: Podía (past possibility or ability)
• May/Might: Podría (probability)
• Be able to: Ser capaz de
• Must: Deber
• Have/Has/Had to: Tener que
• Need to: Necesitar
• Should/Ought to: Debería (advice)
• Had better: Es mejor que

Passive Voice Structures

• Present Simple: A: make / P: are made
• Past Simple: A: made / P: were made
• Will: A: will make / P: will be made
• Conditional: A: would make / P: would be made
• Present Perfect Simple: A: has made / P: have been made
• Past Perfect Simple: A: had made / P: had been made
• Future Perfect: A: will have made / P: will have been made
• Past Conditional: A: would have made / P: would have been made
• Present Continuous: A: is making / P: are being made
• Past Continuous: A: was making / P: were being made
• Modal Verbs: A: can make / P: can be made
• Modal Perfect: A: can have made / P: can have been made
• Have to/Need to: A: have to make / P: have to be made
• Be going to: A: is going to make / P: are going to be made

Conditionals

• 0 Conditional: If + subject + present simple, subject + present simple (e.g., If I have time, I study math)
• 1st Conditional: If + subject + present simple, subject + future simple (will) (e.g., If I study, I will pass the exam)
• 2nd Conditional: If + subject + past simple, subject + would + infinitive (e.g., If I had money, I would buy a house)
• 3rd Conditional: If + subject + past perfect, subject + would + have + 3rd column (e.g., If I had studied, I would have passed)

Reported Speech Changes

• Direct to Reported:
  • Present Simple → Past Simple (talk → talked)
  • Past Simple → Past Perfect Simple (talked → had talked)
  • Present Perfect Simple → Past Perfect Simple (have talked → had talked)
  • Will → Conditional (will talk → would talk)
  • Future Perfect → Past Conditional (will have talked → would have talked)
  • Present Continuous → Past Continuous (am talking → was talking)
  • Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous (was talking → had been talking)
  • Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous (have been talking → had been talking)
  • Future Continuous → Conditional Continuous (will be talking → would be talking)
• Time and Place Expressions:
  • Now → then
  • Today → that day
  • Tonight → that night
  • Yesterday → the day before
  • Tomorrow → the next day
  • Next week → the following week
  • Last week → the previous week
  • A week ago → the week before
  • This → that
  • These → those
  • Here → there
• Reporting Verbs: Use tell for everything except questions, use ask for questions.