English Grammar Rules and Verb Tenses Reference

English Connectors and Linkers

Adding information: And, also, too, besides, as well, moreover, in addition, and furthermore.

Expressing contrast: Although, though, even though, however, but, on the one hand, on the other hand, nevertheless, and nonetheless.

Giving examples: For example, for instance, such as, that is to say, and in other words.

Expressing consequences: As a result, therefore, and thus.

Concluding: In short, in conclusion, in summary, and last but not least.

Grammar Structures and Pronouns

Orders and Gerunds

Orders: He told me to go.

Using -ING: Like, dislike, love, prefer, enjoy, hate, suggest, and before.

Pronouns and Possessives

• Object Pronouns (after the verb): Me, you, him, her, it, us, and them.
• Possessive Adjectives (before the noun): My, your, his, her, its, our, your, and their.
• Possessive Pronouns (before the verb or alone): Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, and theirs.

Time, Place, and Adjectives

Future Expressions

Future: In 2005, I will...; Next year, I'm going to...; This Saturday, I'm doing...

Adjective Endings

-ING adjectives: Used for objects. -ED adjectives: Used for people.

Prepositions of Time

• In: Months, years, seasons, and centuries (e.g., in the morning, in the afternoon).
• On: Days, holidays, days of the week, and specific dates.
• At: Hours, minutes, specific moments, lunchtime, breakfast, and night (e.g., at the weekend, at Christmas).

Prepositions of Place

In: Dentro (inside); On: Fuera/encima (outside/on); Next to: Al lado de; Opposite: Enfrente; In front of: Delante; At: Alrededor.

Nouns, Phrasal Verbs, and Comparisons

Common Phrasal Verbs

Take off: Despegar/quitarse ropa; Come on: Vamos; Come in: Entra; Go in: Entrar; Take up: Apuntarse.

Countable and Uncountable Nouns

• Countable: Singular (a/an), Plural (some, few, a lot of). Negative (few, many, any). Questions (few, many, any).
• Uncountable: A lot of, some, little. Negative (much, little, any).

Comparatives and Superlatives

Short adjectives (6 letters or less): Cheap – cheaper – the cheapest.

Long adjectives or -ing: Expensive – more expensive – the most expensive.

Other structures: As + adjective + as; Less + adjective + than.

Demonstratives

This/These: Esto/estos. That/Those: Eso/aquel/esos/aquellos.

Conditionals and Relative Pronouns

Conditional Types

• Type 0: If + present simple, + present simple.
• Type 1: If + present simple, + will.
• Type 2: If + past simple (were), + would.
• Type 3: If + had + past participle (3rd column), + would have + past participle.

Relative Pronouns

Who: Personas; Which: Cosas; That: General; Whose: Cuyo; Where: Donde; When: Cuando; Why: Porque.

English Verb Tenses

• Present Simple: Adverbs of frequency.
• Present Continuous: Am/is/are + -ing (now, at the moment, today).
• Past Simple: Didn't / -ed / 2nd column (ago, last night, yesterday).
• Past Continuous: Was/were + -ing. Note: Use 'while' with past continuous and 'when' with past simple.
• Future Simple: Will + verb.
• Future Continuous: Will + be + verb -ing.
• Present Perfect Simple: Have/has + -ed/3rd column (how long, for, since, already, just, yet).
• Present Perfect Continuous: Have/has + been + verb -ing.
• Past Perfect Simple: Had + 3rd column/-ed (for, since, already, just, ever, yet, by the time). Note: The first action is Past Perfect, the second is Past Simple.
• Past Perfect Continuous: Had been + verb -ing.

Reported Speech (Estilo Indirecto)

• Present Simple → Past Simple
• Present Continuous → Past Continuous
• Past Simple → Past Perfect
• Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
• Present Perfect Simple → Past Perfect
• Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
• Future Will → Conditional Simple (Would)