English Grammar Rules and Unit Vocabulary Lists

Reported Speech Rules

• Offer, promise, agree: Use verb + to + infinitive.
• Suggest, admit: Use verb + -ing.
• Tell, ask, advise, order, warn: Use verb + object + to + infinitive.
• Apologize: Use apologize for + -ing.
• Tell, say, announce, recommend: Use verb + that (Note: Tell requires an object, say does not).

Passive Voice Construction

To form the passive voice, the object of the active sentence becomes the subject. Use the verb be (in the correct tense) + past participle. Use by + object to indicate the agent.

• Present Simple: is/are eaten
• Present Continuous: is being eaten
• Present Perfect: has been eaten
• Past Simple: was/were eaten
• Future: will be eaten
• Past Perfect: had been eaten
• Modals: can/must be eaten / should be eaten
• Double Objects: "They gave Sophia the present" can become "The present was given to Sophia" or "Sophia was given the present."

Conditional Sentence Structures

• Zero Conditional: If + present simple + present simple. (e.g., If you heat water over 100°C, it boils).
• First Conditional: If + present simple + will. (e.g., If you study hard, you will pass).
• Second Conditional: If + past simple + would. (e.g., If you studied hard, you would pass).
• Third Conditional: If + past perfect + would have + past participle. (e.g., If you had studied, you would have passed).

Vocabulary by Unit

Unit 1: Language and Emotions

Native speaker, second language, delight, enthusiasm, jealous, relief, plug in, stream, embarrassed, bored, confusion.

Unit 2: Sports and Phrasal Verbs

Aerobics, badminton, medal, physiotherapist, semi-final, substitute, sporty, come up, end up, go ahead, keep track of, take over, work out, positive focus, stretch, take care of, take up.

Unit 3: Shopping and Environment

Review, sales assistant, cashier, disposable, environmental, wasteful, reusable, go on a spending spree, live from hand to mouth, shop on a shoestring, shop around, recyclable, compostable.

Unit 4: Travel, Crime, and Justice

Arrival, commitment, ownership, scenery, treatment, mugging, life sentence, burglary, arrest somebody, reach a verdict, dismiss a case, send somebody to prison, suspect, bring back, calm down, come across, deal with, run away, set off, set up, stick together, witness.

Unit 5: Fashion and Appearance

Classify, lighten, simplify, specialize, symbolize, friendly-looking, full-length, shoulder-length, sporty-looking, well-dressed, plain, patterned, low-waisted, high heels, chunky, vintage, stylish, striped, trend, tattoo, sportswear, fitted, low-fitting, casual, accessory.

Unit 6: Work, Education, and Personality

Unpaid, well-paid, win a scholarship, part-time, full-time, low-paid, internship, permanent position, become an apprentice, mentor an intern, graduate from, turn down a job, write a thesis, tutor a student, supervise a volunteer, drone pilot, flight attendant, estate agent, software designer, train driver, tattoo remover or artist, dog groomer, yoga instructor, company director.

Personality Adjectives

Confused by, dedicated to, familiar with, fond of, immature, impatient, irrational, responsible, resistible, replaceable, imperceptive, mature, patient, precise, unenthusiastic, imaginative, sociable, reliable, disorganized, honest, loyal, agreeable, indecisive, efficient, articulate, secure.