English Grammar Rules: Passive, Relative Clauses, Verb Patterns, Reported Speech

Present simple = am/are/is + used (+by)

Present continuous = am/are/is + being used (+by)

Past simple = was/were + used (+by)

Past continuous = was/were + being used (+by)

Present perfect simple = have/has + been used (+by)

Past perfect simple = had + been used (+by)

Future = will + be used (+by)

Infinitive = to be used (+by)

Present modals = modal + be used (+by)

Past modals = modal + have been used (+by)

RELATIVE CLAUSES

·Defining: People WHO/THAT

·Non defining: People WHO

Things WHICH/THAT

Things WHICH

Places WHERE

Places WHERE

Time WHEN

Time WHEN

Possession WHOSE

Possession WHOSE

Reason WHY

Reason WHY

VERB PATTERNS

·verb + ing:

Like, love, enjoy, dislike, hate, don't mind, can't stand, can't bear, admit,

appreciate, avoid, advise, consider, deny, understand, finish, fancy, keep,

mention, mind, imagine, involve, miss, postpone, suggest, resist & risk.

·to+infinitive:

want, hope, aim, intend, arrange, attempt, promise, plan, decide, demand,

deserve, determine, expect, offer, threaten, swear, volunteer, would like,

would hate, afford, agree, help, choose, fail, happen, refuse & manage.

·person+infinitive:

let, watch, see, hear & make.

REPORTED SPEECH

Present simple = Past simple

Present continuous = Past continuous

Present perfect = Past perfect

Past simple = Past perfect

Will = Would

Can = Could

May = Might

Must = Had to

Have to = Had to