English Grammar and Networking Terminology Reference

Modal Verbs: Obligation, Probability, and Suggestions

• Obligation: Must (debe/obligación); Have to (tienes que).
• Prohibition: Mustn't (prohibido/no debo); Don't have to (no tienes que).
• Probability/Possibility: May/May not (puede); Might (podría).
• Suggestion: Should (debería/aconsejar).
• Ability: Can (poder/no poder).

Future Tenses

• Will: Used for spontaneous decisions or the distant future.
• Going to: Used for plans, intentions, or predictions based on evidence.

Present Continuous for Future

Used for planned actions that may change (e.g., "I am visiting the doctor this evening at 7:30"). It is also used for decisions already made, often accompanied by a future time indicator (e.g., "Tomorrow I am painting my house; I have already bought the paint").

Present Simple for Future

Used for fixed schedules that do not change (e.g., "The class starts at 9"). Often used with frequency adverbs (sometimes, often, never, usually, always) or opinion verbs. Remember to add -s to the verb for third-person singular (e.g., rains, drinks).

Future Passive Voice

The passive voice focuses on the action rather than the subject.

• Active: The police will arrest Xabi tomorrow.
• Passive: Xabi will be arrested tomorrow.
• Active: Engineers will design a car.
• Passive: A car will be designed.

Networking Vocabulary

• Server: A large central computer in a network.
• Wireless access point: Used to access the internet without cables.
• Broadband modem: Used to access the internet via cables.
• Switch: A connection point for other devices.
• Firewall: Used to protect a network from viruses.
• Data collision: When several devices on a network have problems receiving data.
• Cat-5: A type of cable used in Ethernet connections for local networks.
• Intranet: A private network.
• Hotspot: A physical location where people can access the internet.
• Network packet: A formatted unit of data carried by a packet-switched network.
• LAN: Local Area Network.
• WAN: Wide Area Network, designed to extend over a large area.
• WLAN: Wireless Local Area Networks.
• PAN: Personal Area Network, organized by an individual for personal use.
• Peer-to-peer: A network where each node acts as either a client or a server.
• Bus network: A central cable used to connect all devices together.