English Grammar Mastery and Scientific Method Essentials
Classified in Mathematics
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English Modal Verbs and Their Uses
Ability
- Can
- Could
- Be able to
Permission
- Can
- Could
- May
Requests, Suggestions, and Polite Orders
- Can
- Could
- Might
Possibility and Probability
- Could
- May
- Might
Obligation
- Must
- Have to
Necessity
- Need to
Mastering English Prefixes and Suffixes
Common Prefixes
- Disappear
- Unavoidable
- Mislead
- Illogical
- Immature
- Inaccessible
- Impolite
- Irrational
- Irregular
- Discontinue
- Insensitive
- Impersonal
- Non-smoker
- Illiterate
- Distrust
- Unconventional
- Unjustified
- Inconclusive
Prefix Rules:
- IM- is used before m or p.
- IL- is used before l.
- IR- is used before r.
| DIS- | NON- | IL- | MIS- | IM- | UN- | IN- | IR- |
|---|
Common Suffixes
- Photocopiable
- Countless
- Judgement
- Timeless
- Efficiency
- Exploration
- Rudeness
- Speechless
- Employment
- Dramatization
- Frequency
- Argument
- Awareness
- Recommendation
- Deceitful
- Careful
- Pointless
- Respectful
- Tendency
- Reliable
| ABLE | ATION | ENCY | FUL | LY | LESS | MENT | NESS |
|---|
Fundamentals of Controlled Experiments
- We form a hypothesis.
- We test the hypothesis by conducting an experiment.
Understanding Variables
| Independent Variable | Dependent Variable | Control Variable |
|---|---|---|
| The one chosen by the scientist. | The one that changes in response to the independent variable (measured by the scientist). | Quantities that a scientist wants to remain constant. |
Scientific Vocabulary
Data: Experiments generate data. Data is analyzed using mathematics, often statistics. We must ensure that we collect:
- The right type of data.
- Enough data.
Variability: It is possible that there is natural variability in the experiment. The way to solve this is by repeating the experiment.
Replicate: The experiment must be repeated a considerable number of times to ensure the results are real and not a coincidence.
Standard Deviation: This is a measure of the variability of the sample about the mean.
Constant: Environmental conditions must be constant to ensure the reliability of the experiment.
Random: Organizing an experiment can help reduce variability from random events. One method is the randomized block design, where treated and control groups are organized randomly.
Essential English Idioms and Phrases
| Idiom | Meaning (Spanish) |
|---|---|
| To face the music | Aceptar la responsabilidad de algo que has hecho |
| To address the issue | Tratar el problema |
| To fit the description | Encajar |
| To put the record straight | Dejar las cosas claras |
| To tell the difference | Diferenciar |
| To have the best of both worlds | Tener lo mejor de los dos mundos |
| Idiom | English Definition |
|---|---|
| To be over the hill | To be considered too old. |
| To be on the spot | To be at a place where an event is happening. |
| To be in the running | To have a reasonable chance. |
| To be up to the mark | To be as good as the usual standard. |
| To be under the weather | To feel ill. |