English Grammar Essentials: Reported Speech, Conditionals, and Verbs

Reported Speech Tense Changes

• Present Simple → Past Simple: "I eat an apple," she said. → She said (that) she ate an apple.
• Present Continuous → Past Continuous: "I am eating an apple," she said. → She said (that) she was eating an apple.
• Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous: "I was eating an apple," she said. → She said (that) she had been eating an apple.
• Present Perfect Simple → Past Perfect Simple: "I have eaten an apple," she said. → She said (that) she had eaten an apple.
• Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous: "I have been eating an apple," she said. → She said (that) she had been eating an apple.
• Past Simple → Past Perfect Simple: "I ate an apple," she said. → She said (that) she had eaten an apple.
• Will → Would: "I will eat an apple," she said. → She said (that) she would eat an apple.
• Can → Could: "I can eat an apple," she said. → She said (that) she could eat an apple.
• Must → Had to: "I must eat an apple," she said. → She said (that) she had to eat an apple.

Modal Verbs in Reported Speech

• She says, "I can swim." → She said that she could swim.
• He says, "I may come tomorrow." → He said that he might come the next day.
• They say, "I will help you." → They said that they would help me.
• She says, "I must leave now." → She said that she had to leave then.

Conditional Sentences

• Zero Conditional: If + present simple, present simple (facts) → If you heat water, it boils.
• First Conditional: If + present simple, will/won’t + infinitive (possible) → If it rains, I will stay home.
• Second Conditional: If + past simple, would/wouldn’t + infinitive (improbable) → If I won the lottery, I would travel.
• Third Conditional: If + past perfect, would/wouldn’t have + past participle (past regrets) → If I had studied, I would have passed.

Irregular Verbs List

• 39. ring → rang → rung
• 40. run → ran → run
• 41. say → said → said
• 42. see → saw → seen
• 43. sell → sold → sold
• 44. send → sent → sent
• 45. sing → sang → sung
• 46. sit → sat → sat
• 47. sleep → slept → slept
• 48. speak → spoke → spoken
• 49. spend → spent → spent
• 50. take → took → taken
• 51. teach → taught → taught
• 52. tell → told → told
• 53. think → thought → thought
• 54. understand → understood → understood
• 55. wear → wore → worn
• 56. win → won → won