English Grammar Conditionals and Reported Speech Reference
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English Conditionals
- The Zero Conditional: (if + present simple, present simple)
If you heat water to 100°C, it boils.
Learn more about the Zero Conditional - The First Conditional: (if + present simple, will + infinitive)
If it rains tomorrow, we'll go to the cinema.
Learn more about the First Conditional - The Second Conditional: (if + past simple, would + infinitive)
If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.
Learn more about the Second Conditional - The Third Conditional: (if + past perfect, would + have + past participle)
If I had gone to bed early, I would have caught the train.
Reported Speech Time and Place Changes
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
|---|---|
| Now | Then |
| Last (year, month, week) | The (year, month, week) before / The previous (year, month, week) |
| Yesterday | The day before / The previous day |
| Tomorrow | The next day / The following day |
| Next (week, month, year) | The (week, month, year) after / The following (week, month, year) |
| This | That |
| These | Those |
| Here | There |
Business Vocabulary
- Afford: Permitir-se
- Haggle: Regatejar
- Discount: Descompte
- Charge: Cobrar
- Customers: Compradors
- Purchase: Buy
- Bargain: Ganga
- Cash: Money
- Sales: Rebaixes
- Demand: The total amount of a product that people want
- Running costs: The money a business pays for its activities
- Profitable: When the income of a business is higher than its costs
- Turnover: The quantity of sales that a company has
- Purchasing power: Poder adquisitiu
- Trendsetter: Creador de tendències
- Promote: Promocionar
- Label: Etiqueta
Phrasal Verbs
- Take back: Retornar alguna cosa
- Sign up: Entrar a una organització
- Pass on: Give someone something that you received from someone else
- Give away: Donar alguna cosa que algú no necessita
- Rip off: Cobrar a algú de més (estafar)
- Clear out: Llençar les coses que no necessites perquè estàs ordenant
- Use up: Use all of something
- Put off: Make someone not want to do something
Reported Speech Tense Changes
- Present simple → Past simple
- Past simple → Past perfect simple (had arrived)
- Future simple → Would (will you spend → would spend)
- Can → Could / May → Might / Have to/Must → Had to
- Present continuous → Past continuous (was thinking / had been working)
- Present perfect simple → Past perfect simple (had seen)