English Grammar: Conditionals, Reported Speech and Modals

Conditionals

• First Conditional: If + present simple, future. Example: "If he scores this penalty, they will win the match." Describes possible or probable future actions.
• Unless: Used to replace "if...not".
• Second Conditional: If + past simple, would + verb. Example: "If they scored ten goals in the final match, they would win the league." Describes imaginary or unlikely actions.
• Third Conditional: If + past perfect, would have + past participle. Example: "If he had scored, they would have won the match." Describes past situations that did not happen and their potential consequences.

Additional Conditional Connectors

• Even if: Used as a more formal alternative to "if".
• As long as / Providing: Used to replace "but only if".

Reported Speech

Examples:

• "Where do you live?" → "She asked me where I lived."
• "Do you like tattoos?" → "He asked us if we liked tattoos."

Time Expressions Changes

• Now: then
• Next week: the following week
• Yesterday: the day before
• Last week: the previous week
• Tomorrow: the next day
• Today: that day

Modal Verbs: Obligation and Prohibition

• Must / Have to: Obligation (e.g., "You must comply with the law").
• Had to: Past obligation (e.g., "She had to go to court").
• Don't have to / Needn't: Lack of obligation (e.g., "You needn't bring your ID").
• Didn't have to: Past lack of obligation (e.g., "We didn't have to pay to go in").
• Can't / Mustn't: Prohibition (e.g., "You can't/mustn't use your mobile phone in class").
• Should / Ought to: Advice (e.g., "You should/ought to report a crime").
• Should have / Ought to have: Past advice (e.g., "You should have/ought to have gone to the police").

Modal Verbs: Speculation and Deduction

• Must: Certainty (e.g., "She must be guilty").
• Must have: Past certainty (e.g., "She must have robbed it").
• May / Might / Could: Possibility (e.g., "They may/might/could talk to the jury").
• May have / Might have / Could have: Past possibility (e.g., "They may have/might have/could have escaped").
• Can't: Impossibility (e.g., "He can't be the thief").
• Can't have: Past impossibility (e.g., "He can't have seen the criminal").

Too and Enough

• Too: Indicates excess; placed before adjectives.
• Enough: Indicates sufficiency; placed after adjectives.