Economic Sectors and Industrial Development

Primary Sector and Agricultural Activities

• Primary Sector (PS): The extraction of natural resources to be used in production, distribution, or consumption.
• Agricultural Activities (AA): Include agriculture, livestock farming, and silviculture.
• Subsistence Economy (SE): Only produce enough to cover their food needs.
• Market Economy (ME): Produce food in order to sell it.
• Monoculture (Mono): The cultivation of a single crop in a given area.
• Polyculture (Poly): The simultaneous cultivation or exploitation of several crops or kinds of animals.
• Dryland Farming (Dry): Land as opposed to the sea or another body of water.
• Slash and Burn: A method of cultivation in which forests are burned and cleared for planting.
• Extensive Farming: Livestock is reared in large, open-air fields.
• Intensive Farming: Livestock is housed in barns and fed completely or partially with artificial feeds.
• Silviculture (Silvi): The growing and cultivation of trees.
• Fishing: An area of sea used for catching fish for food.
• Aquaculture (Aqua): The rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants for food.

Secondary Sector and Industrial Revolutions

• Secondary Sector (SS): Activities concerned with transforming the natural resources provided by the primary sector, such as industry and construction.
• First Industrial Revolution (1rev): Machines were powered by steam, which was generated by burning coal; often referred to as the "black country."
• Second Industrial Revolution (2rev): Industries began to establish themselves on the outskirts of cities, and new means of transport were created.
• Third Industrial Revolution (3rev): Characterized by industrial labor, new technologies, new materials, and new energy sources. Manufacturing involves small establishments and production processes that create cheap and diverse products.
• Offshoring (Offs): Western countries have undertaken what is known as industrial offshoring, or else reversed previously offshored industries.
• Heavy Industry: Produces semi-finished products using large quantities of heavy raw materials.
• Capital Goods Industry (Capi): Transforms semi-finished products into equipment needed by other industries or for transport and construction.
• Consumer Goods Industry: Manufactures products intended directly for consumers.

Tertiary Sector, Transport, and Global Trade

• Tertiary Sector (TS): Comprises activities that provide services. These include transport, tourism, and trade.
• Quaternary Sector (Quater): Comprises services requiring an advanced level of professional training for areas such as scientific research.
• Freight: Refers to large quantities of goods transported for a fee. Another way of referring to this is load or cargo.
• Transport Systems (Transys): Distinguished as land, sea, and air transport; the means by which transportation is undertaken.
• Means of Transport: The vehicles used in transport.
• Hub: Where traffic of secondary routes meets; usually refers to important airports.
• Sustainable Development (Sust): Combines economic development with the maintenance of natural and cultural values.
• Wholesale (Whole): Buys large quantities of merchandise directly from manufacturers and then sells them to other trades or businesses.
• Retail: Sells directly to consumers from a range of commercial establishments.
• WTO: The World Trade Organization seeks to eliminate or reduce trade tariffs.
• Trading Blocs: Groups of countries formed to foster trade between their members.
• NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement.