Core Elements of Communication and Text Types
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Core Elements of Communication
The issuer is the one who prepares and delivers the message.
The receiver is who receives and interprets the message.
The message is the information that the sender transmits to the receiver.
The situation is the set of circumstances surrounding the act of communication: the place and time that occurs, the relationship between the sender and receiver...
The code is the system of signs used to develop the message.
The channel is the medium through which the message circulates (visual channel, auditory channel, etc.).
Text Types Characterization
| Texts | Characterization | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Informational | Aim to facilitate new knowledge. | A story, a definition... |
| Persuasive | Intend to convince the recipient of an idea. | Advertisements, political speeches... |
| Prescriptive | Seek to guide the action of the receptor. | An instruction manual, a recipe... |
| Literary | They try to create an aesthetic impression. | A poem, a novel... |
Text Functions
- Narrating is recounting real or fictional events that occur over time.
- Describing is showing the traits that characterize people, objects, places, etc.
- Dialogue is exchanging information with another or others.
- Exposing is explaining facts, concepts, or phenomena.
- Arguing is defending a reasoned opinion.
Linguistic Segments and Meaning
Basic Concepts
Signifier: A set of sounds or graphemes that express a concept.
Meaning: Idea or concept that we associate with a signifier.
Phonemes: Smallest units lacking significance: /t/, /a/, /r/, /d/, /e/.
Keywords (Morphemes): These are combinations of phonemes to which we attribute meaning.
Utterances: Combinations of words that express ideas.
Texts: These are combinations of statements that form complete messages.
Note: Phonemes are the models of sounds speakers use; different speakers may have slightly different realizations.
Word Structure Analysis
In a word and conversation, there are several meaningful segments:
- convers-: Conveys the idea of 'There will be one or more persons' (in context, this segment relates to the root idea of 'speaking' or 'turning').
- -ation: Provides the notion of 'act, action.' This is a grammatical segment that allows forming nouns from verbs.
- Root: Provides the basic significance of the word.
- Ending (Inflectional Morpheme): Indicates gender, number, tense, person, etc.
- Affix (Derivational Morpheme): Added to the root to form a different word.
Affix Placement
Suffixes go after the root (e.g., -eza in 'royalty').
Prefixes go before the root (e.g., des- in 'waste').