Communication Essentials: Factors, Functions, and Structure

Factors of Communication

• Issuer: The individual encoding and sending the message.
• Receiver: The individual receiving and decoding the message.
• Message: The content communicated.
• Code: The language used to deliver the message.
• Reference Context: The subject or theme of the message.
• Channel: The medium of communication.

Functions of Communication

• Expressive/Emotional: Focuses on the issuer's feelings (e.g., "I love you").
• Appeals/Conative: Aims to elicit a response from the receiver (e.g., "Sir, you are a buyer").
• Referential/Representative: Focuses on the context (e.g., "Winter rains and cold").
• Poetic: Emphasizes the style of the message (e.g., "Your eyes captivate me").
• Metalinguistic: Focuses on the language itself (e.g., "Antepenultimate accents").
• Phatic: Checks the channel's functionality (e.g., "Do you hear me?").

Communication Structure

• Declarative: Dialogue or interview.
• Statement: Act of speaking in a context.
• Situation of Enunciation: Components involved in the act of saying (time, space, partners, intention).
• Reactions: Asymmetric (hierarchy) or symmetrical (equality).
• Elements: Transmitter, receiver, message, code, context, feedback.

Structure Breakdown

• Opening: Greetings.
• Orientation: Introducing the topic.
• Objective: Focus of the conversation.
• Completion: Closing remarks.
• Termination: Dismissal.

Communication Aspects

Paraverbal

• Emphasis (exclamation signs, intonation)
• Pitch
• Breaks (pauses)
• Rhythm (speed)

Nonverbal

• Kinesic: Motion, gestures.
• Proxemics: Use of space.
• Symbolic: Representations (e.g., dove for peace).
• Iconic: Drawings representing reality.