Communication: Channels, Functions, Text Types, and Linguistic Variations

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Written at on English with a size of 6.12 KB.

Communication Channels

Channel:

  • Oral / Written
  • Spontaneous / Prepared
  • Simultaneous Time / Non-simultaneous
  • Space Shared / Unshared

Time and Space Considerations

  • Direct: Time shared
  • Deferred: Time is not shared
  • Location: Time and space shared

Receiver Considerations

  • Unidirectional: One receiver
  • Multidirectional: Multiple receivers

Sender Considerations

  • Unilateral: One sender
  • Multilateral: Multiple senders

Communication Contexts

  • Academic:
    • Intention: Transmit and find information about fields
    • Formal language, use of terminology
  • Literary:
    • Intention: Varied, entertainment
    • Presence of rhetorical figures
  • Administrative:
    • Intention: Conduct, regulate
    • Text with formal rules of tradition
  • Newspaper:
    • Intention: Information or opinion
    • Middle-level reliability, necessity of understanding
  • Advertising:
    • Intention: Persuade, guide opinion
    • Level of formality varies
  • Private:
    • Intention: Personal communication
    • Low-level formality

Intent or Purpose of Communication

  • Report
  • Target opinion
  • Regulate behavior
  • Entertainment

Language Functions

  • Referential: Convey information
  • Expressive: Express emotions
  • Conative: Command, request, establish standards
  • Phatic: Establish or maintain social contact (e.g., greetings)
  • Poetic: Focus on aesthetics and form
  • Metalinguistic: Language about language (e.g., definitions)
  • Identification: Names, anthroponyms

Text Types

  • Narrative
  • Descriptive
  • Argumentative
  • Expository
  • Instructive
  • Rhetorical
  • Conversational
  • Predictive

Dialect Voices (Polyphony)

  • Issuer, Real Author
  • Narrator
  • Poetic "I"
  • Discursive "I"
  • Author Model: The idea that readers have of the author
  • Receiver, Real Reader
  • Allocutary: Alluded real reader in the text
  • Reader Model: Type of reader the author envisioned

Narrators

External Viewpoint

  • Omniscient: Knows everything
  • Observer: Knows everything, even the voice
  • Editor: Found and reproduced a text

Internal Viewpoint

  • Protagonist: Recounts the facts
  • Witness: Observer character who does not intervene
  • Speaker: Observer character who intervenes

Character Personality

  • Realistic: Typical
  • Idealist: Archetypal

Reported Speech

  • Direct: Uses quotes (e.g., "He said, 'I will go.'")
  • Indirect: Enunciates with verbs of speech (e.g., He asked if he would come)
  • Free Indirect: No introductory verbs, but implies speech or thought (e.g., He had to think about it, go to the theater)
  • Interior Monologue: A character's internal thoughts

Formality

  • Solemn: Protocol and courtesy
  • Formal: Objectivity or little presence of the sender
  • Colloquial: Subjective presence of interlocutors
  • Vulgar: Very subjective, abundance of interlocutors

Deixis

  • Personal
    • Personal pronouns (1st and 2nd person)
    • Verb forms (1st and 2nd person)
    • Possessives (1st and 2nd person)
  • Spatial
    • Adverbs of place
    • Circumstantial complements of place
    • Demonstratives related to location
  • Temporal
    • Adverbs of time
    • Circumstantial complements of time
    • Verb forms (present, past, future)
  • Social
    • Forms of address (e.g., you, you)
    • Vocatives (e.g., John, Mary, Mr. Marti)
    • Majestic plural (e.g., We)
  • Discourse: Refers to the text itself
  • Modalization: Degree of subjectivity in a text
    • Deontic: Predominance of the conative function
    • Epistemic: Sender demonstrates great knowledge of the subject
    • Evaluative: Sender expresses their opinion

Linguistic Variation

  • Diachronic: Language change over time
  • Diatopic: Regional variations
    • Western
    • Eastern
    • Apitxat
  • Diastratic: Social variations
  • Diaphasic: Register variations (e.g., formal, literary, colloquial, standard)

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