Cheat sheet

Microevolution-change in gene in populations over time///Maxroevolution- formation of new species . Homology- similarity due to common ancestor types anatomical development molecular . Hardy- Allele frequency P+Q= 1 genotype frequencies= p^2+2pq+q2=1. P=dominant allele Q=recessive allele P2 homozygous dominant genotype Q2 homozygous recessive genotype. Conditions for Hardy new new mutations no natural selection allele don’t change due to random sampling error no migration random mating. Species is a group of populations that have potential to produce viable fertile offspring they do not breed with other populations successfully. Hybrid fertility is the baby is fertile after mating hybrid viability the offspring doesn’t have potential to survive hybrid breakdown the offspring has some issues in the future. Allopathic new species when isolated geographically, Sympatric new species without separation. Bilateral clades= ecdysozoa, lophotrochzoa, deuterostomia. Lopho: triploblastic and posses an embryonic mesoderm sandwiched between the ectoderm and endoderm found in the diploblastic cnidarians.Ecdysozoa= molt their cuticles. Phyla annelids brachipoda mollusca Deuterostomia= an anus that is formed before the mouth a mesoderm is formed from pockets of the guy a radial regulator and indeterminate cleavage. < character. Phyla= echinodermata starfish sea urchin chordata sea squirts vertebrates chaetognatha arrow worms brachiopoda lamp shells. < phylas complete-egg larva pupa adult incom- egg nymph adult. Amniotic egg is for reptiles and mammals . Lobed fins actinistia. Notochord is urochordata. Vertebral column chondrichthyes. Jaws in actino chondrich. Lungs in actinsia. Limbs with digits in amphibians. <<REVIEW NOTES  Arthropods= ventral nerve cord, dorsal blood vessel, segmented body, jointed appendages, exoskeleton, bilateral. Groups= insects, most common, centipedes millipedes scorpions spiders mites lice mites and ticks. 1m known, 5-10m exists. Types: hexapods or insects with moths, chelicerates spiders and scorpions, crustaceans crayfish and barnacles, Myria pods including milipedes, trilobites are now extinct. Shells are chitin.          Charles Darwin= theory of evolution 1859, Lamarack believe species become more perfect over time towards human stage.