Cellular and Tissue Organization: From Organelles to Organ Systems

Cellular and Tissue Organization

Organelles

• Mitochondria: Produces energy
• Vesicles: Transport and digestion of substances
• Endoplasmic Reticulum:
  • Rough: Synthesis and modification of proteins
  • Smooth: No attached ribosomes, synthesis of lipids
• Golgi Body or Apparatus: Processing and packaging of substances, secretory vesicles
• Ribosomes: Protein synthesis
• Centrosomes: Involved in cell division
• Cilia and Flagella: Movement
• Cytoskeleton: Maintains cell shape, movement of cell structures

Human Tissue

• Epithelia:
  • Covering Epithelia: Epidermis, mucous membrane, endothelia
  • Glandular Epithelia: Salivary glands, pancreas, thyroid
• Connective: Bone, adipose, cartilage, dense connective, blood
• Muscle: Smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle
• Nervous: Neurons, glial cells

Organs

Group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or action. Examples: heart, skin, muscles.

Organ Systems

Group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions. Grouped by function: nutrition, interaction, reproduction.

Nutrition

• Digestive System: The digestive tube and accessory glands. Obtains nutrients from food.
• Respiratory System: The respiratory tract and lungs. Gas exchange with the blood provides oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide.
• Circulatory System: The heart, blood, and blood vessels. Distributes blood, delivering nutrients and collecting harmful substances.
• Excretory System: The kidneys, urinary tract, and other organs. Eliminates waste substances produced by cellular metabolism.

Interaction

• Nervous System: Main organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves. Receives information from the environment and sends nerve impulses in response.
• Endocrine System: Endocrine glands produce hormones that act on specific cells and organs.
• Musculoskeletal System: Muscles and bones work together for locomotion.
  • Muscular System: Skeletal muscle enables locomotion, movements, and posture.
  • Skeletal System: Bones provide strength, stiffness, and protection.

Reproduction

• Male Reproductive System: Produces sperm and male sex hormones.
• Female Reproductive System: Produces eggs and female sex hormones. Hosts the developing fetus until birth.