Cell Biology, Genetics, and Evolutionary Theory Essentials

Sintesis is called like that cause dna sts is taking place. Daughter cell trought mitsis=46. Cancer spend less time in interphase. Dna replication in interphase. Growth cell in g1. Cell g0= cerebral cortex. Most cells spend in interphase. Divide and dont die cancer. Function and decide typr of cell=differentation. Human sommatic= 46 crhomo  crossing over meiosis mix genes. Half crhomo=haploid. Full=diploid. No stem cell =gamete stem cell. Mult 100-150 cells embryonic stem cell. Tissues cells adult stem cell. Stem is medical because is undiferentiated. Sperm cells meiosis. Overall meiosis to make 4 unike haploid from a diploid. Meiosis only occurs in reproductive organs. Homozygous=pair. Observable traits=phenotype. Allele pairs=genotype. Crossing over meiosis unique daughter cels. Eye color mother=50%. Half and half codominance.Blood=multiple allele an codominance. Skin color=polygenic traits. X and y crhomo is male. karyotype.Dont separe properly= nndisjunction. Missing or duplicate genetic info= translocation. Fusion=incomplete pink. Colordblind and x crhomosome are sex linked. Largest to smaller= cell nucleus chromo dna nucleotide. Dna=deoxyribunocleic acid. Nucleotide= sugar base phosphate. Rungs=paired nitrogenous bases. Sugar phosphate bacbone runing opposite=antiparallel. Four letter alphabet=20 aminoacids. Proteins difference is number an sequence of aminoacids. Central dogma translation transcription. Protein syns. natural selection is mechanism of evolution. Camouflage stick insect. Analogous wings structures. Fossils shows similitudes with actual species. Charles darwing theory of natural selection. Variation is necesary for natural selection variation is caused by mutations and sex variations exists in almost all populations. Concept of evolution observation of species hms beagle. Ability to survive=fitness. Variations adventage=survive and reproduce. Evidences of evo= fossils body structure embryologi. Fossils in lower layers are older. Comparing rocks to get the age is relative age. Natural selection is when nature decides who survives. Most studied animals in galapagos= finches. Mutations=changes in DNA.Advantegous traits pass onto offspring because they are more likely to survive and reproduce. Inheretid traits of a population. Evolution of a distant common ancestor. Diferent functions but similar structures= homologous structures. Results in a zygote=fertilization. Melons=telophase. Watermelon=metaphase. Avocado=prophase. Many=anaphase. Gene=hereditary info. Trait=characteristic. Purebred=homozygous genotype. Hybrid=heterozygous genotype. Meoisis creates sex cells. Crossing over=genetic material swap from homologous chromo. Gametes=sexcells.Segregation=states that diferent alleles of a trait separated during the formation of gametes. Unit factors=organisms have two factors that control the traits.