Añoveros' Sermon: Basque Culture and Freedom

Context

This document analyzes a sermon written by Añoveros, Bilbao’s bishop, in February 1974. Intended to be read publicly in parishes and addressed to public authorities, the sermon focuses on the lack of respect for Basque traditions. It was written during a period when the Basque provinces faced differing treatment under Franco's regime. While Araba and Navarre remained relatively unaffected, Gipuzkoa and Viscay, having defended the republic, endured harsh punishments, including the suppression of the Basque language and the denial of the Economic Concert.

Economic and Social Climate

Spain's economic situation in the early 1970s was relatively strong, fueled by the economic miracle of the 1960s. Industrial expansion attracted a wave of immigrants, particularly to the Basque Country, leading to a better economic situation compared to other regions. Initially, the Church remained loyal to Franco's regime. However, over time, it began to criticize the dictatorship and distance itself from the regime. This divide deepened when Añoveros highlighted the disparate treatment of the Basque Country and advocated for the respect of its cultural identity.

Suppression of Rights and Añoveros' Critique

Añoveros' sermon serves as a clear example of the suppression of rights under Franco's rule. Beyond the language issue, he criticized the government's social policies and called for greater freedoms. These themes resonated with ongoing protests at the time.

A Divided Basque Society

Añoveros described a divided Basque society. On one hand, native Basque speakers felt unfairly treated due to the inability to express themselves in their own language. On the other hand, newcomers from other regions struggled to understand the issue. Añoveros argued that the suppression of the Basque language denied the Basque people their freedom and subjected them to discriminatory treatment compared to other Spanish citizens. His primary aim was to restore the ability to maintain their culture, without explicitly addressing political matters. He acknowledged the Basque Country's place within Spain but insisted on the public acceptance and unrestricted use of the Basque language.

The Church's Role and Añoveros' Stance

Añoveros believed in the Church's direct involvement in social issues, advocating against silence and for active engagement. This conviction motivated him to publish the sermon.

Consequences and Aftermath

The sermon's consequences were severe, with Añoveros facing potential imprisonment. However, this decision sparked a conflict between Franco's regime and the Vatican, which threatened to excommunicate Franco if Añoveros was jailed. Ultimately, Añoveros was released from house arrest, avoiding imprisonment and de-escalating the situation. This incident clearly demonstrates the Church's evolving position, as it no longer passively accepted the dictates of the dictatorship.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Church played a crucial role in the later years of Franco's regime, particularly in addressing social conflicts. It became a voice advocating for workers' rights and cultural freedoms, as exemplified by Añoveros' courageous stance in defense of Basque culture and identity.