Animal Development and Biological Phyla Classification

Animal Development and Embryology

• Which best describes the blastula development stage? - A hollow ball of cells with a blastocoel.
• In early stages of development through the gastrula stage: Cells divide to increase the number of cells but they don’t increase in size.
• A fertilized egg cell is: Diploid.
• Which best describes the zygote development stage? - A fertilized egg cell.
• Which of the following correctly displays the sequence of developmental stages? - Cleavage-blastula-gastrula.
• The first cavity in an embryo formed during frog development is the: Blastocoel.
• The archenteron of the developing sea urchin eventually develops into the: Digestive tract or gut.
• _____ has determinate cleavage and will not have identical twins: Protostome.
• ____ has the blastopore that becomes the mouth: Protostome.

Metabolism and Physiological Adaptations

• Torpor: A short-term controlled decrease in metabolic rate for a few hours or overnight.
• Estivate: A long-term controlled decrease in metabolic rate to avoid hot or dry conditions.
• Large animals need specialized organs for gas exchange because: Volume increases more rapidly than surface area as size increases.

Botany and Plant Biology

• A monocot stem is represented by: III only.
• A woody eudicot is represented by: IV only.
• A plant that is at least three years old is represented by: IV only.
• In pine trees, the main body of the plant is the: Sporophyte generation.

Mycology and Fungal Characteristics

• All fungi are: Heterotrophic.
• Fungi have an extremely high surface-to-volume ratio. What is the advantage of this characteristic to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption? - The high ratio allows for more material to be acquired from the surroundings and transported through the cell membrane.
• In a fungus, plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following? - A cell with multiple haploid nuclei.

Invertebrate Zoology and Phylum Classification

Worms and Mollusks

• Tapeworms, trematodes, and flukes are: Platyhelminths.
• Acanthocephalan worms: Are all parasites.
• Which best describes the phylum Nematoda? - Many species are internal parasites.
• The heartworms that can accumulate within the hearts of dogs and other animals have a pseudocoelom, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. To which phylum does the heartworm belong? - Nematoda.
• Which of the following lines of evidence would allow you to classify a worm as a nematode and not an annelid? - It sheds its external skeleton to grow.
• Phylum Annelida is split into two major groups. These groups are: Errantia and Sedentaria.
• A land snail, a clam, and an octopus all have: A mantle.
• Which of these groups lives in the ocean, fresh water, and land? - Gastropoda.

Arthropods, Echinoderms, and Others

• Trilobites: Are all extinct.
• Chelicerates: Have clawlike feeding appendages.
• Myriapods: Includes millipedes and centipedes.
• Pancrustaceans: Live in the ocean, freshwater, or terrestrial environments.
• Nematodes and arthropods both: Grow by shedding their exoskeleton.
• Bryozoans: Are sessile and live in colonies.
• Echinoderms: Only live in the ocean.
• Which of the following animal groups is entirely aquatic? - Echinodermata.
• A sponge animal has: Different cell types but zero tissue.