Advanced Water Purification and Demineralization Techniques

Methods of Water Purification

3. Ultraviolet (UV) Treatment

This method uses the appropriate wavelength to eliminate microorganisms and pathogens in water. UV light is more energetic than visible light and has a shorter wavelength. It is utilized for wastewater treatment with biological loads, irrigation water, and drinking water purification.

4. Copper-Silver Ionization

Small amounts of copper and silver are used to destroy microorganisms. It is applied in cooling towers, boilers, and similar systems. Its advantages include:

• Does not disrupt pH levels
• Easy to install
• Simple water recovery in case of loss
• Low maintenance costs

5. Water Softening

Hard water can cause lime deposition, fouling, and increases the consumption of soaps and detergents while affecting water flavor. There are three primary ways of softening:

• Sodium carbonate
• Calgon
• Ion exchange

6. Water Softeners (Descalcificadores)

This equipment reduces water hardness through an ion exchange process. It consists of a zeolite resin tank and a salt tank. The resin retains lime particles; when saturated, it is washed with water and salt to remove the lime. Automatic water softeners have an exchanger bed that degrades with use and must be regenerated by passing a sodium chloride solution through it to restore its initial activity. This process has two stages: service and regeneration.

Industrial Demineralization

. 1.Destilación water and evaporate the water and then condenses, either from new without salts disueltas.Actualmente not used in industry because it takes a lot of energy for evaporación.Es an expensive procedure and not removed all elements. 2.To exchange ion widely used. Eliminate Body salts but not compounds, bacteria or virus.Existen various systems: a) demineralised. Mixed bed without regeneration is placed at the exit of some equipment to remove water restos.Para extrem. pura.Las resins are regenerated if it is not replaced by others. b) mixed-bed Demineralizers regeneration. The regeneration is complicated by the q its use is not widespread. For the regeneration of resins must be separated by passing through them agua.Arriba flow of the bottle is the anionic resin and the cationic below. The bottles have a window that reveals the stratification. NaOH is separated above and below the GCi proceeding after the rinsing of the resins.c) Demineralizers cation-anion with two columns or two-way exchange. The resins are in two different bottles and the water passes first through the cation and the anion after. The resins are regenerated with hydrochloric acid. Principle anion exchange negatively charged particles bind to the positively charged solid matrix and are removed-The positively charged rechzan matrix is eluyendose.-eluting matrix regenerates retained particles with a saline solution.