19th Century European History: Imperialism, Socialism, and Revolutions
Classified in History
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Imperialism: Economic Expansion
Economic expansion from 1880 onwards by Western European powers, the United States, and Japan into territories beyond their national borders. This often resulted in territorial occupation, known as colonialism.
Utopian Socialism
Aimed at an ideal society based on community, equality, and non-violence. Key thinkers included Saint-Simon, Fourier, Proudhon, Cabet, Blanc, and Owen.
Chartism (1838-1848)
A working-men's movement in Great Britain, led by Lovett and Place. The People's Charter demanded:
- A 10-hour workday
- Higher wages
- Job security
- Universal suffrage
Chartists sought political representation and reforms to address issues like "rotten boroughs" (depopulated electoral districts).
Lockout
The closure of factories by employers during strikes.
Yellow Unions
Unions paid by employers to prevent national strikes.
Workers' Strikes
Collective actions by workers to achieve better working conditions.
Nationalism
The aspiration of a group to form a state based on shared language, culture, and historical traditions.
Capitalism
An economic system where the means of production (land, factories, capital, etc.) and distribution (trade, transport, etc.) are privately owned. The goal is to produce for the market and maximize profit.
Causes of the French Revolution (1789)
A combination of ideological, social, economic, and political factors led to the revolution:
- Ideological: Enlightenment criticism
- Social: Economic crisis
- Economic: Financial crisis
- Political: Absolute monarchy crisis and the revolt of the privileged
The privileged classes resisted attempts to establish a universal tax, leading to demands for freedom of expression, assembly, commerce, and equality. The Third Estate's push for equal representation sparked the revolution. The National Assembly was formed, and Louis XVI eventually authorized it to create a constitution for France. The Convention was established in 1792.
Industrial Revolution
Characterized by:
- Modernization
- Socio-demographic changes
- Agricultural advancements
- Rise of industrial capitalism
Anarchism
The negation of all authority, public or private. Key thinkers included Godwin, Stirner, Proudhon, Bakunin, Kropotkin, and Tolstoy.