Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

MA 1

What Is a Company?

Companies are the foundation of our economic system. A company is an entity that integrates a set of items organized and operated to achieve a set of goals through the implementation of a particular economic activity.

All this must be addressed and organized by a figure known as the entrepreneur.

• Types of Companies: Depending on the size (small, medium, and large), scope (local, national, and multinational), or economic activity (primary, secondary, tertiary).

Sole Trader: A person who conducts a business activity on their own.

Functions and Objectives of a Company

Features:

• Creation of value: New gadgets, mobile devices, etc.
• Social function: Companies provide the necessary income to live through wages paid to employees or the

Key Employment Classifications

Character of Employment Relationships

In the context of employment, individuals can be classified as: staff, volunteers, or those in paid employment. Earnings and dependency are key factors in these classifications.

Applicable Legal Norms

• European Community (EC) Law
• Organic Laws (LO)
• Royal Legislative Decrees (RDLegis)
• Royal Decree-Laws (RDLaw)
• Royal Decrees (RD)
• Ministerial Orders (OM)

Employment Relationship Criteria

Certain criteria determine the inclusion or exclusion of specific work arrangements. For instance, whether private work is performed for the state dictates its classification.

• Special Character Relationships: Categories 'a' and 'c' often denote relationships with a special character.
• Excluding Relationships:

Buyer Beware: Unmasking Subliminal Marketing Tactics

The Deceptive Music Store Scenario

You're browsing CDs in a music store when you notice an attractive young couple nearby. They're talking loudly, and you can't help but overhear their conversation.

"Oh, there's the CD I bought last week!" the girl exclaims excitedly.

"I have it too. I listen to it all the time," the guy replies.

"Me too! It's my favorite CD. Everyone thinks it's great!" the girl adds.

You've never heard of the group, but you decide to buy the CD. After all, everyone else seems to love it.

What is Subliminal Marketing?

However, you might have thought twice about your decision if you'd known that the young couple was paid by a company to encourage the purchase of certain CDs. This... Continue reading "Unmasking Subliminal Marketing Tactics" »

Organizational Self-Assessment Model: Objectives and Methodology

4.1. Objectives of the Self-Assessment

This model provides a benchmark for a global and systematic assessment of an organization. The evaluation enables comparisons with other organizations and helps ascertain the fulfillment of internal objectives before establishing improvement plans. The self-assessment process facilitates progress, corrects errors, and allows for the revision and enhancement of improvement plan effectiveness.

The maximum score achievable is 1000 points (500 for staff/enablers and 500 for results). The evaluation should follow a systematic approach to eliminate inaccuracies and foster consensus within the evaluation team. It must be evidence-based, identifying... Continue reading "Organizational Performance Self-Assessment Framework" »

Definition of Infectious Diseases

An infectious disease occurs when a parasite develops and multiplies within a host. The causal agent of transmissible diseases is usually a living organism that moves from one individual to another by contagion. The set of elements that define a communicable disease consists of:

• Reservoir: Where infectious agents are usually found.
• Source of Infection: Animate or inanimate object from which the causative agent originates.
• Mechanism of Transmission: The pathways that allow the causal agent of a transmissible disease to contact the host.
• Host: A person susceptible to contracting a communicable disease upon contact with the source of infection.

Samples arriving at the laboratory for the diagnosis of causative agents... Continue reading "Infectious Diseases: Definition, Transmission, and Diagnosis" »

Private vs. Market Services

Private services are paid for directly by the individuals or entities soliciting them.

Public Services

The state provides public services, funded through taxes. Public authorities may also collect fees for certain services.

Service Companies

Examples include banks, insurance companies, legal management, and advisory services.

Distribution Services

This category includes transport, postal services, and communications.

Social Services

Social services encompass health, public administration, and education.

Consumer Services

Consumer services include hospitality, leisure, repair, and cultural activities.

Importance of Services

Various indicators measure the importance of services. The diversity of services ranges from widespread... Continue reading "Understanding Service Sectors: Private, Public, and Social Services" »

Digital Counters (Sequential Circuits)

Counters are sequential circuits whose output represents the number of clock pulses applied to the input. They consist of interconnected bistables (flip-flops).

Counters can operate in ascending mode (content increases with each pulse) or descending mode (content decreases).

Applications of Digital Counters

• Watches and Timers
• Frequency Dividers
• Frequency Meters (Frecuencímetro)

The maximum number of states a counter passes through is called the Modulus.

Asynchronous (Ripple) Counters

In asynchronous counters, the external clock signal is connected only to the first flip-flop. The clock input of subsequent flip-flops is connected to the output of the previous flip-flop.

This configuration causes all flip-flops... Continue reading "Sequential Logic: Understanding Digital Counters and Shift Registers" »

Understanding Period and Frequency

If a signal is repeated over time, it has a frequency (f). Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz) and equals the number of times the signal repeats in one second (i.e., 1 Hz equals 1 cycle per second). A repeating signal also has another parameter: period (T), defined as the time it takes the signal to complete one cycle. Period and frequency are reciprocals of each other:

What is Voltage?

Voltage is the electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit. Normally, one of these points is usually ground (GND, 0V), but not always. For example, to measure the peak-to-peak voltage (Vpp) of a signal, it's the difference between its maximum and minimum values. The term 'voltage' usually refers to the amplitude... Continue reading "Essential Electrical Signal Parameters Explained" »

Sound Fundamentals

Sound: A variation of air pressure, caused by a sound source, perceivable by the human ear.

Sound Features

• Speed of Propagation: How fast sound travels through a medium.
• Wavelength: The distance sound travels during one complete vibration cycle.
• Intensity: Determines the perceived loudness (scale of strong and weak sounds).

Acoustic Quantification

• Hearing Threshold: The minimum acoustic pressure level that causes an auditory sensation.
• Pain Threshold: The maximum sound pressure level the human ear can withstand without experiencing pain (typically around 120 dB).
• The Decibel (dB): A logarithmic unit measuring sound intensity, tailored to the non-linear perception of the human ear.

Sound Qualities

• Absorption & Reflection: When a