Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

Starting a Business in Chile: A Step-by-Step Guide

1. Time to Set Up a Company in Chile

The process may take more than 6 months, approximately 130 days.

2. Costs Associated with Starting a Business

Costs vary depending on the type of company, with a fixed value of approximately $550. Examples:

• Industrial Company: $1,350
• Food Company: $1,270

3. Limited Liability Company Procedures

An individual limited liability company is a legal entity with limited liability. The owner's personal assets are only liable to the extent of their capital contribution. The company is liable with all its possessions.

A company is an association of individuals or legal entities engaged in commercial activity, pursuing a profit or gain shared among partners based on their contribution.... Continue reading "Starting a Business in Chile: Key Steps and Considerations" »

**Human Action: Features, Reason, and Societal Impact**

**Features of Human Action**

Human action is characterized by intelligence and the ability to imagine, organize, and realize desires, projects, plans, and illusions. It allows us to transcend the realm of necessity and recreate new worlds. Our actions always represent a symbolic character, hence the creative nature arises.

**Key Traits of Human Action**

• Intentionality: Aristotle understood intentionality as the way a subject acts, moving into the world as an external reality. According to him, there are two modes of directing oneself toward an object: the theoretical, which expresses the human will, and the practical, designed to meet human needs.
• Purpose: Means are defined for a purpose, presenting

Historical and Political Concepts

Terror

A phase in the French Revolution characterized by radicalization, with Robespierre at its head.

Constituent Assembly

A collegial body tasked with reforming a constitution, endowed with full powers, or a constitutional power to which all public bodies are subjected.

Directory

A government divided among five people, called consuls, designed to avoid a tyrannical nature and maintain moderation.

Holy Alliance

Formed by Prussia, Russia, and France, it had an anti-liberal character, defending absolutism. Its members formed an alliance between the Throne and the Altar.

Revolt of the Privileged

The protagonists were the aristocracy and clergy who opposed the proposals of Louis XVI's minister. To avoid the Treasury's bankruptcy,... Continue reading "Essential Historical and Economic Concepts Explained" »

Leadership Styles

By Social Climate

• Authoritarian
• Democratic
• Laissez-faire

By Decision-Making Process

• Autocratic
• Consultative
• Group-oriented

Characteristics of Work

Theory X

• Concrete
• In installments
• Planned
• Controlled

Theory Y

• Autonomous
• Responsible
• Intrinsically interesting

Maturity Levels & Management Styles

• M1: Not knowing, not wanting (Directors)
• M2: Wanting, not knowing (Persuasive)
• M3: Knowing, not wanting (Participatory)
• M4: Knowing and wanting (Delegator)

Method for Defining Leadership Style

1. Determine the maturity level of work.
2. Identify the appropriate leadership style.
3. Modify maturity levels (if necessary).
4. Apply appropriate power bases to the maturity level (from M4 to M1):
   • Expert
   • Informational
   • Relational
   • Legitimacy
   • Reward
   • Connection
   • Coercive

Work Teams

Permanent

The Division of Powers

The Spanish state is organized into three main branches: legislative, executive, and judicial.

The Legislative Branch

The Spanish Constitution provides for the General Courts (Cortes Generales), which represent the Spanish people and consist of the Congress of Deputies and the Senate. Their primary functions include:

• Exerting legislative power.
• Approving budgets.
• Controlling the actions of the government.
• Members are elected every four years.

Executive Power

The Executive Power is exercised by the Government, which directs domestic and foreign policy, as well as civil and military administration. It is composed of the President, Vice President, and Ministers. Occasionally, the executive branch performs legislative functions.

The

Computer Generations and Core Technologies

First Generation Computers

The first generation of computers was based on electronic valves. These machines were large, difficult to maintain, and programmed via wired connections. They utilized the Von Neumann architecture and primarily used machine language for scientific and military applications, with data input via punch cards.

Second Generation Computers

The second generation saw the advent of transistors, significantly reducing computer size and increasing speed, power, and reliability. High-level programming languages like COBOL, ALGOL, and FORTRAN became prevalent. Memory systems evolved to include ferrite core memories and magnetic tapes.

Third Generation Computers

The third generation was characterized... Continue reading "Computer Generations and Essential Processing Technologies" »

CAV Rotary Injection Pump Fundamentals

In CAV rotary injection pumps, fuel is sent from the transfer pump to the hydraulic head at a pressure regulated by a valve. The metering valve precisely controls the fuel flow, which is governed by the throttle position and the speed regulator assembly. The distributor then raises the fuel pressure from the transfer level to the injection pressure, distributing it to the various nozzles.

Fuel Pressure Transfer Mechanism

Under normal operating conditions, the generated pressure causes the control piston to move to the right, against the action of its spring. This pressure is applied to the valve through a conduit from the transfer pump. When the pressure exceeds the limits set by the adjusting screw, regulation

Continental Drift Theory

Wegener proposed that all land masses were once united into a single, large continent called Pangaea. The present continents are the result of Pangaea's division and the subsequent displacement of its fragments.

Wegener's Arguments

1) Geographic Arguments

The starting point was the shape of the continents, which permitted them to fit together like pieces of a puzzle. Wegener argued that processes such as coastal erosion and continuous sea-level changes impeded a perfect fit.

2) Paleontological Arguments

The distribution of many fossils, such as Mesosaurus or Lystrosaurus, and certain plants, presented a problem. Wegener noted that if evolutionary ideas were correct, the simultaneous presence of the same species in widely... Continue reading "Wegener's Continental Drift Evidence and Plate Tectonics" »

Concept and Nature of the Employment Contract

A contract is an agreement of wills between two or more parties that creates, modifies, or regulates obligations between them.

Autonomy of will allows parties in a contract to freely negotiate conditions.

A. The Concept of Employment Contract

An employment contract is an agreement of wills between a company and an employee. The employee undertakes to provide their services to the company in exchange for payment and acts under the company's direction. Any result obtained from the employee's activity belongs to the company.

B. Simulated Labor Contract Installation

C. Nature of Employment

Features:

• Consensual: The contract is perfected at the moment consent is given.
• Bilateral: Creates obligations for both

Natural Disasters and Environmental Risks

A natural disaster is known as a physical phenomenon of an extreme environmental, fortuitous, and unpredictable character. This character is what makes it a risk to society. Two risks are particularly relevant in our country: drought and torrential rainfall. Some areas of the peninsula are periodically affected by earthquakes, caused by the collision between the Eurasian and African plates.

Drought: A Fact of Life

The deficit of water resources is one of the main factors of environmental degradation in our country. Drought can be defined as an unusual water deficit. However, it is necessary to differentiate between drought and aridity:

• Aridity refers to regular and permanent conditions of water scarcity.