Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

Understanding Alarm Systems

Types of Alarms

• Anti-Theft (Anti-Intrusion):
  • Housing
  • Establishments
• Security: Prisons, nuclear power plants, etc.
• Environmental: Fire, water leakage, gas, etc.
• Technical Alarms
• Medical Alarms
• Access Control Systems
• Monitoring in Industrial Processes

Objectives of Alarm Systems

• Familiarize users with the operation of various detectors.
• Describe the components of an alarm system.
• Enable installation and operational checks of alarm systems.

Anti-Intrusion Systems

• Passive System: Fences, security doors, etc.
• Active System: Detects threats using electronic controls.
• Deterrent System: Visible measures indicating robust protection.

Alarm System Components

A) Detector Elements

These send an electrical signal to the control unit by opening or... Continue reading "Understanding Alarm Systems: Types, Objectives, and Components" »

Atomic Structure of Matter

Atomic structure of matter refers to how substances can take crystal conformation in industrial processes and treatment.

Elementary Particles

These particles make up the atom (electron, proton, positron). The main characteristics of an atom are its mass and electric charge.

The Atom

An atom is considered to consist of a nucleus, where protons and neutrons stand. The nucleus holds the mass and positive charge of the atom. When an atom is not excited, it is electrically neutral, meaning the number of electrons equals the number of protons. In the nucleus are positively charged protons and neutral neutrons.

Peripheral Electrons

Peripheral electrons within atoms determine their physical and chemical properties. The energy level... Continue reading "Fundamentals of Atomic Structure and Material Properties" »

Causes of the First World War

Rivalry Between European Powers

• Relations between France and Germany were strained by the Franco-Prussian War.
• Colonial problems exacerbated tensions.
• The Austro-Hungarian Empire and Russia also struggled to control the Balkans.
• Both the United Kingdom and other European powers competed for control over territories and markets.

Formation of Blocs and the Arms Race

• Two major blocs formed: the Triple Alliance (Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary) and the Triple Entente (Russia, France, and the UK joined later).
• Regarding armaments, between 1890 and 1912, military spending doubled, conscription was widely adopted, and investment in arms increased significantly.
• Public opinion was increasingly in favor of war.

Colonial Problems

Germany... Continue reading "Origins of the First World War and Peace Settlements" »

Stamping Die Fundamentals: Punching and Cutting Operations

Punching and Cutting: Punching is a consistent operation performed on a sheet metal plate to create a hole with a proper shape using a stamp (punch and die). Cutting operation separates a piece of sheet metal in a specific way. Both operations are typically designated by the names of the punch and dies used in the tooling.

The Stamping Die Cutting Cycle

The cutting cycle involves two main phases:

1. Plastic Deformation: The material is pushed by the punch, undergoing plastic deformation.
2. Shear Cut: The actual cut occurs when tensions in the peripheral zone are so strong that they exceed the shear strength of the sheet metal.

Essential Components of a Fixed Matrix Die Set

Below are the key components... Continue reading "Stamping Die Fundamentals: Punching, Cutting, and Fixed Matrix Components" »

Financing Your Company

Obtaining the necessary funds is crucial for the optimal functioning of a company.

Types of Financing

Self-Financing

• Capital contributed by partners
• Reserves and undistributed profits (self-financing):
  • From enrichment: Legal Reserve, Statutory Reserve, and Voluntary Reserve
  • Maintenance: Depreciation and provisions

External Financing

• Based on Term:
  1. Short Term: Commercial loans, factoring, discounting of bills, financial credits, and bank loans.
  2. Long Term: Loans, leasing, renting, loans for fixed assets, bonds or obligations.
• Based on Origin:
  1. Internal Funding: Reserves or undistributed assets.
  2. External Funding: Other sources.
• Other External Funding:
  1. Grants and aid: Economic quantities that governments provide to entrepreneurs who meet

Karl Marx's Core Ideas and Critique

Karl Marx's most important influences on contemporary anthropological thought come from German idealist philosophy, especially Hegel, the materialism of Feuerbach, French utopian socialism, and great capitalist economic theorists such as David Ricardo and Adam Smith.

Major Works by Karl Marx

His extensive body of work includes: The Holy Family, The German Ideology, The Communist Manifesto, and Capital.

Materialist Philosophy vs. Idealism

Against idealist philosophy, which he saw as speculative, merely theoretical, or false ideology, Marx proclaimed a materialist philosophy: one that is useful, responsible, efficient, and committed to changing the world.

Marx's thought stems from a critical attitude towards a reality... Continue reading "Karl Marx's Influences, Philosophy, and Critique" »

Principles of Public Employment Access

1. Constitutional Principles Governing Civil Service Access: The constitutional principles that always govern the access of citizens to the civil service are the principles of merit and ability.
2. Access to Public Employment: Access takes place in accordance with, inter alia, the principles of merit and capacity.
3. Assumptions for Public Employment Access: Notes on the following assumption which could enable access to public employment: A Nigerian wife, 16 years old, who is part of the Spanish citizen workforce.

Civil Service Classification and Records

2. Classification of Public Employees (Civil Service Basic Statute): Public employees are classified according to the Civil Service Basic Statute as:
   • Career officials
   • Interim

Production: Definition and Objectives

Production is the process by which certain significant items, work, machines, working people, or knowledge are transformed into consumer products, goods, or services.

Production Goals

• Ensure that delivered products or provided services are requested, both in the amounts and on the dates agreed upon with the customer.
• Ensure that these products or services are manufactured or provided within the expected costs, and that these costs are minimal, for greater profit.

Description of Output

This is to determine in detail the procedure to be followed and the means employed to produce the products or services.

Stages of the description of the production:

• Define the parameters of the production process
• Determine the necessary

1. Communication Center Objectives

The four objectives of a communication center are:

• Ensuring the client identifies the company and relates it to the activities taking place.
• Attracting new customers.
• Positioning the center above the competition.
• Modifying customer demand to avoid seasonality.

2. Communication Classifications

Communication can be classified based on:

• Where it is carried out: Internal communication or external communication.
• The medium used: Communication between people or communication over a physical medium.

3. Internal Communication Through Media

This involves informing clients about the services and products offered at the center through physical media. Examples:

• Brochures.
• Advertising at the point of sale (POS).

4. External Communication

Shareholder Withdrawal Rights in S.A.s: Economic Aspects

The LSA (Ley de Sociedades Anónimas or equivalent) recognizes the right of separation for shareholders dissatisfied with an agreement adopted by the General Meeting in the three following cases:

1. Substitution of the company's legal purpose
2. Transfer of the registered office abroad
3. Transformation of an S.A. into a partnership or limited partnership, or by simple shares

Shareholders who have exercised their right of withdrawal shall be reimbursed for their shares. The determination of the redemption value of the shares is distinguished based on whether the shares are publicly traded or not.

Determining Share Redemption Value

• If the shares are publicly traded: The refund will be the average price